{"id":60884,"date":"2023-12-08T20:22:23","date_gmt":"2023-12-08T11:22:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/?p=60884"},"modified":"2025-11-06T14:33:37","modified_gmt":"2025-11-06T05:33:37","slug":"defamation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/defamation","title":{"rendered":"Jak\u00e9 jsou podm\u00ednky pro pod\u00e1n\u00ed \u017ealoby pro ur\u00e1\u017eku na cti? Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed po\u017eadavk\u016f pro uzn\u00e1n\u00ed a pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161e od\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>D\u00edky rozvoji internetu m\u016f\u017ee nyn\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd voln\u011b vys\u00edlat sv\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy. Av\u0161ak na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b se pomluvy na internetu staly spole\u010densk\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem. V jak\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech lze za pomluvy na internetu, kter\u00e9 se rovnaj\u00ed po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti, st\u00edhat odpov\u011bdnost?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00ed\u017ee vysv\u011btlujeme, kdy je mo\u017en\u00e9 hovo\u0159it o po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti, se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na podm\u00ednky pro jej\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_53 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/defamation\/#Co_je_pomluva\" title=\"Co je pomluva\">Co je pomluva<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/defamation\/#Obcanskopravni_a_trestnepravni_odpovednost_za_pomluvu\" title=\"Ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed a trestn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost za pomluvu\">Ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed a trestn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost za pomluvu<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/defamation\/#Standardni_odskodneni\" title=\"Standardn\u00ed od\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed\">Standardn\u00ed od\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/defamation\/#Rozdil_mezi_pomluvou_a_urazkou\" title=\"Rozd\u00edl mezi pomluvou a ur\u00e1\u017ekou\">Rozd\u00edl mezi pomluvou a ur\u00e1\u017ekou<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/defamation\/#Pozadavky_pro_podani_zaloby_pro_urazku_na_cti\" title=\"Po\u017eadavky pro pod\u00e1n\u00ed \u017ealoby pro ur\u00e1\u017eku na cti\">Po\u017eadavky pro pod\u00e1n\u00ed \u017ealoby pro ur\u00e1\u017eku na cti<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/defamation\/#Co_znamena_%E2%80%9Cverejne%E2%80%9D\" title=\"Co znamen\u00e1 &#8220;ve\u0159ejn\u011b&#8221;\">Co znamen\u00e1 &#8220;ve\u0159ejn\u011b&#8221;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/defamation\/#Co_znamena_%E2%80%9Cuvest_skutecnosti%E2%80%9D\" title=\"Co znamen\u00e1 &#8220;uv\u00e9st skute\u010dnosti&#8221;\">Co znamen\u00e1 &#8220;uv\u00e9st skute\u010dnosti&#8221;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/defamation\/#Obcanskopravni_pomluva_muze_byt_zalozena_i_bez_uvedeni_konkretnich_skutecnosti\" title=\"Ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed pomluva m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zalo\u017eena i bez uveden\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch skute\u010dnost\u00ed\">Ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed pomluva m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zalo\u017eena i bez uveden\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch skute\u010dnost\u00ed<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/defamation\/#Co_znamena_%E2%80%9Cposkodit_cest_nekoho%E2%80%9D\" title=\"Co znamen\u00e1 &#8220;po\u0161kodit \u010dest n\u011bkoho&#8221;\">Co znamen\u00e1 &#8220;po\u0161kodit \u010dest n\u011bkoho&#8221;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/defamation\/#Je_nutne_uznat_moznost_identifikace\" title=\"Je nutn\u00e9 uznat mo\u017enost identifikace\">Je nutn\u00e9 uznat mo\u017enost identifikace<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/defamation\/#Podminky_za_kterych_neni_naplnena_pomluva\" title=\"Podm\u00ednky, za kter\u00fdch nen\u00ed napln\u011bna pomluva\">Podm\u00ednky, za kter\u00fdch nen\u00ed napln\u011bna pomluva<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/defamation\/#Co_je_%E2%80%9Cverejny_zajem%E2%80%9D\" title=\"Co je &#8220;ve\u0159ejn\u00fd z\u00e1jem&#8221;\">Co je &#8220;ve\u0159ejn\u00fd z\u00e1jem&#8221;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/defamation\/#Co_je_%E2%80%9Cverejny_prospech%E2%80%9D\" title=\"Co je &#8220;ve\u0159ejn\u00fd prosp\u011bch&#8221;\">Co je &#8220;ve\u0159ejn\u00fd prosp\u011bch&#8221;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/defamation\/#Co_je_%E2%80%9Cpravdivost%E2%80%9D_a_%E2%80%9Cprimerenost%E2%80%9D\" title=\"Co je &#8220;pravdivost&#8221; a &#8220;p\u0159im\u011b\u0159enost&#8221;\">Co je &#8220;pravdivost&#8221; a &#8220;p\u0159im\u011b\u0159enost&#8221;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/defamation\/#Pripady_kdy_byla_podana_zaloba_za_poskozeni_cti\" title=\"P\u0159\u00edpady, kdy byla pod\u00e1na \u017ealoba za po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti\">P\u0159\u00edpady, kdy byla pod\u00e1na \u017ealoba za po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/defamation\/#Pripad_kdy_byl_retweet_na_Twitteru_povazovan_za_poskozeni_cti\" title=\"P\u0159\u00edpad, kdy byl retweet na Twitteru pova\u017eov\u00e1n za po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti\">P\u0159\u00edpad, kdy byl retweet na Twitteru pova\u017eov\u00e1n za po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/defamation\/#Pripad_kdy_bylo_odeslani_e-mailu_na_pracovisti_povazovano_za_poskozeni_cti\" title=\"P\u0159\u00edpad, kdy bylo odesl\u00e1n\u00ed e-mailu na pracovi\u0161ti pova\u017eov\u00e1no za po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti\">P\u0159\u00edpad, kdy bylo odesl\u00e1n\u00ed e-mailu na pracovi\u0161ti pova\u017eov\u00e1no za po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/defamation\/#Pripady_kdy_nebylo_uznano_poskozeni_cti\" title=\"P\u0159\u00edpady, kdy nebylo uzn\u00e1no po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti\">P\u0159\u00edpady, kdy nebylo uzn\u00e1no po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/defamation\/#Shrnuti_Pokud_chcete_podat_zalobu_za_pomluvu_overte_si_splneni_podminek\" title=\"Shrnut\u00ed: Pokud chcete podat \u017ealobu za pomluvu, ov\u011b\u0159te si spln\u011bn\u00ed podm\u00ednek\">Shrnut\u00ed: Pokud chcete podat \u017ealobu za pomluvu, ov\u011b\u0159te si spln\u011bn\u00ed podm\u00ednek<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Co_je_pomluva\"><\/span>Co je pomluva<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"735\" height=\"490\" src=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2025\/11\/defamation-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-66902\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.5;width:840px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2025\/11\/defamation-2.jpg 735w, https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2025\/11\/defamation-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2025\/11\/defamation-2-250x167.jpg 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Pomluva je v\u00fdraz, kter\u00fd neleg\u00e1ln\u011b sni\u017euje soci\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed, jako je d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost nebo pov\u011bst, konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed osoby v\u016f\u010di neur\u010dit\u00e9mu nebo velk\u00e9mu po\u010dtu lid\u00ed. Pokud je pomluva uzn\u00e1na, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt st\u00edh\u00e1na ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost (\u010dl\u00e1nek 709 Japonsk\u00e9ho ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku) a tak\u00e9 trestn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost za pomluvu (\u010dl\u00e1nek 230 Japonsk\u00e9ho trestn\u00edho z\u00e1kon\u00edku), co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k trestu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Obcanskopravni_a_trestnepravni_odpovednost_za_pomluvu\"><\/span>Ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed a trestn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost za pomluvu<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud je pomluva uzn\u00e1na, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt st\u00edh\u00e1na jak ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed, tak trestn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost. Ob\u010dansk\u00e9 a trestn\u00ed soudn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se li\u0161\u00ed v odpov\u011bdnosti, kter\u00e1 je st\u00edh\u00e1na.<br>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho soudn\u00edho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, pokud je uzn\u00e1na n\u00e1hrada \u0161kody za poru\u0161en\u00ed pr\u00e1v (\u010dl\u00e1nek 709 Japonsk\u00e9ho ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku), vznik\u00e1 odpov\u011bdnost za zaplacen\u00ed od\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed a n\u00e1klad\u016f na vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed. Krom\u011b finan\u010dn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 vzniknout odpov\u011bdnost za opat\u0159en\u00ed k obnoven\u00ed pov\u011bsti, jako je publikace omluvy (\u010dl\u00e1nek 723 Japonsk\u00e9ho ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku). Nav\u00edc, pokud jde o pomluvu na internetu, m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 vzniknout odpov\u011bdnost za odstran\u011bn\u00ed blog\u016f nebo \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f.<br>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b trestn\u00edho soudn\u00edho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt st\u00edh\u00e1na odpov\u011bdnost za pomluvu (\u010dl\u00e1nek 230 Japonsk\u00e9ho trestn\u00edho z\u00e1kon\u00edku), co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k trestu odn\u011bt\u00ed svobody na t\u0159i roky nebo m\u00e9n\u011b nebo pokut\u011b do 500 000 jen\u016f. Tento trest je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za trest, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt st\u00edh\u00e1n pouze na z\u00e1klad\u011b st\u00ed\u017enosti ob\u011bti (\u010dl\u00e1nek 232 Japonsk\u00e9ho trestn\u00edho z\u00e1kon\u00edku), tak\u017ee ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 obvin\u011bn\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pod\u00e1no pouze pokud je pod\u00e1na st\u00ed\u017enost ob\u011bti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Standardni_odskodneni\"><\/span>Standardn\u00ed od\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud je uzn\u00e1na ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost a je p\u0159izn\u00e1na n\u00e1hrada \u0161kody, osoba, kter\u00e1 utrp\u011bla \u0161kodu, m\u016f\u017ee po\u017eadovat od\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed za du\u0161evn\u00ed utrpen\u00ed od pachatele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Standardn\u00ed od\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed se li\u0161\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na r\u016fzn\u00fdch okolnostech, jako je status ob\u011bti a zp\u016fsob pomluvy, ale obecn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee pro slavn\u00e9 osoby je to obvykle kolem 1 milionu jen\u016f a pro b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 lidi je to obvykle kolem 500 000 jen\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rozdil_mezi_pomluvou_a_urazkou\"><\/span>Rozd\u00edl mezi pomluvou a ur\u00e1\u017ekou<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Krom\u011b pomluvy existuje tak\u00e9 ur\u00e1\u017eka. Ur\u00e1\u017eka je ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed vlastn\u00edho n\u00e1zoru, kter\u00fd pohrd\u00e1 soci\u00e1ln\u00edm postaven\u00edm osoby (rozsudek Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu z 5. \u010dervence Taisho 15 (1926), strana 303, svazek 5). Jednodu\u0161e \u0159e\u010deno, pohrdav\u00e9 v\u00fdroky jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za ur\u00e1\u017eky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ob\u011b, pomluva i ur\u00e1\u017eka, sni\u017euj\u00ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pov\u011bst osoby. Oba \u010diny mohou v\u00e9st k ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed a trestn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rozd\u00edl mezi pomluvou a ur\u00e1\u017ekou spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, zda je uveden konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed fakt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nap\u0159\u00edklad, pokud \u0159eknete: &#8220;Ten \u010dlov\u011bk m\u00e1 af\u00e9ru&#8221;, proto\u017ee uv\u00e1d\u00edte fakt, \u017ee m\u00e1 af\u00e9ru, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt uzn\u00e1na pomluva. Stejn\u011b tak v\u00fdroky jako &#8220;Ten \u010dlov\u011bk je zlo\u010dinec&#8221; nebo &#8220;Pokud pou\u017eijete produkty z jeho obchodu, dojde k nehod\u011b&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na druhou stranu, pokud \u0159eknete &#8220;blbec&#8221;, &#8220;hlup\u00e1k&#8221; nebo &#8220;odporn\u00fd&#8221;, proto\u017ee jen vyjad\u0159ujete hodnot\u00edc\u00ed \u00fasudek a neuv\u00e1d\u00edte \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 fakty, pomluva nebude uzn\u00e1na. Trestn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u011b m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt uzn\u00e1na ur\u00e1\u017eka a ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u011b m\u016f\u017ee vzniknout odpov\u011bdnost za protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Av\u0161ak, jak budeme diskutovat pozd\u011bji, rozli\u0161en\u00ed mezi pomluvou a ur\u00e1\u017ekou, tedy zda se uv\u00e1d\u00ed fakty, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt \u010dasto obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/reputation\/honor-feelings-part1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/monolith.law\/reputation\/honor-feelings-part1[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pozadavky_pro_podani_zaloby_pro_urazku_na_cti\"><\/span>Po\u017eadavky pro pod\u00e1n\u00ed \u017ealoby pro ur\u00e1\u017eku na cti<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"735\" height=\"490\" src=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2025\/11\/defamation-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-66903\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.5;width:840px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2025\/11\/defamation-3.jpg 735w, https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2025\/11\/defamation-3-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2025\/11\/defamation-3-250x167.jpg 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Japonsk\u00fd trestn\u00ed z\u00e1kon\u00edk (Japanese Penal Code) stanovuje n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed po\u017eadavky pro ur\u00e1\u017eku na cti:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>&#8220;Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo ve\u0159ejn\u011b uv\u00e1d\u00ed skute\u010dnosti a ur\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na cti jin\u00e9 osoby, bude potrest\u00e1n trestem odn\u011bt\u00ed svobody a\u017e na t\u0159i roky nebo pokutou a\u017e do v\u00fd\u0161e p\u016fl milionu jen\u016f, bez ohledu na to, zda jsou tyto skute\u010dnosti pravdiv\u00e9.&#8221;<\/p>\n<cite>\u010cl\u00e1nek 230 odstavec 1 Japonsk\u00e9ho trestn\u00edho z\u00e1kon\u00edku<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Jin\u00fdmi slovy, ur\u00e1\u017eka na cti podle trestn\u00edho z\u00e1kon\u00edku je spln\u011bna, kdy\u017e:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Ve\u0159ejn\u011b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Uv\u00e1d\u00ed skute\u010dnosti<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ur\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na cti jin\u00e9 osoby<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Tyto po\u017eadavky mus\u00ed b\u00fdt spln\u011bny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na druhou stranu, neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd z\u00e1kon, kter\u00fd by konkr\u00e9tn\u011b stanovoval ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, podle judikatury, ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost je tak\u00e9 uzn\u00e1na, pokud jsou spln\u011bny stejn\u00e9 po\u017eadavky jako v trestn\u00edm pr\u00e1vu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Co_znamena_%E2%80%9Cverejne%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>Co znamen\u00e1 &#8220;ve\u0159ejn\u011b&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;Ve\u0159ejn\u011b&#8221; znamen\u00e1, \u017ee &#8220;to m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt rozpozn\u00e1no neur\u010dit\u00fdm nebo velk\u00fdm po\u010dtem lid\u00ed&#8221;. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, sta\u010d\u00ed, pokud je spln\u011bna alespo\u0148 jedna z t\u011bchto podm\u00ednek &#8211; &#8220;neur\u010dit\u00fd&#8221; nebo &#8220;velk\u00fd po\u010det&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;Neur\u010dit\u00fd&#8221; znamen\u00e1, \u017ee druh\u00e1 strana nen\u00ed omezena. Nap\u0159\u00edklad spolu\u017e\u00e1ci ve stejn\u00e9 t\u0159\u00edd\u011b jsou &#8220;ur\u010den\u00ed&#8221;, zat\u00edmco n\u00e1hodn\u00ed kolemjdouc\u00ed v ru\u0161n\u00e9 ulici jsou &#8220;neur\u010den\u00ed&#8221;. Co se t\u00fd\u010de &#8220;velk\u00e9ho po\u010dtu&#8221;, neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 jasn\u00e1 hranice, ale pokud jde o des\u00edtky lid\u00ed, je to pova\u017eov\u00e1no za &#8220;velk\u00fd po\u010det&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;V\u0161ichni spolu\u017e\u00e1ci ve stejn\u00e9 t\u0159\u00edd\u011b&#8221; jsou &#8220;ur\u010den\u00ed&#8221;, ale jsou &#8220;velk\u00fdm po\u010dtem&#8221; a spl\u0148uj\u00ed alespo\u0148 jednu z podm\u00ednek &#8220;neur\u010dit\u00fd nebo velk\u00fd po\u010det&#8221;, tak\u017ee spl\u0148uj\u00ed po\u017eadavek &#8220;ve\u0159ejn\u011b&#8221;. Proto, pokud byste urazili &#8220;v\u0161echny spolu\u017e\u00e1ky ve stejn\u00e9 t\u0159\u00edd\u011b&#8221;, mohlo by doj\u00edt k pomluv\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na druhou stranu, pokud &#8220;po\u0161lete e-mail n\u011bkomu&#8221;, je to jen uk\u00e1zka skute\u010dnosti pro &#8220;ur\u010dit\u00fd mal\u00fd po\u010det&#8221; lid\u00ed a nemus\u00ed spl\u0148ovat podm\u00ednku &#8220;neur\u010dit\u00fd velk\u00fd po\u010det&#8221;. Proto je z\u00e1sadou, \u017ee v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nedojde k pomluv\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Av\u0161ak i kdy\u017e jde o uk\u00e1zku skute\u010dnosti pro &#8220;ur\u010dit\u00fd mal\u00fd po\u010det&#8221; lid\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee to spl\u0148ovat po\u017eadavek &#8220;ve\u0159ejn\u011b&#8221;. Toto je teorie \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Teorie \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed znamen\u00e1, \u017ee i kdy\u017e jste sd\u011blili ur\u010ditou skute\u010dnost jen jedn\u00e9 osob\u011b, pokud m\u00e1 tato osoba mo\u017enost &#8220;\u0161\u00ed\u0159it&#8221; tuto skute\u010dnost neur\u010dit\u00e9mu velk\u00e9mu po\u010dtu lid\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee to b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1no za rovnocenn\u00e9 s uk\u00e1zkou skute\u010dnosti pro neur\u010dit\u00fd velk\u00fd po\u010det lid\u00ed. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, i kdy\u017e jde o uk\u00e1zku skute\u010dnosti pro &#8220;ur\u010dit\u00fd mal\u00fd po\u010det&#8221; lid\u00ed, pokud existuje \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed, spl\u0148uje to po\u017eadavek &#8220;ve\u0159ejn\u011b&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Typick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem je p\u0159\u00edpad, kdy n\u011bkdo \u0159ekne novin\u00e1\u0159i l\u017ei. Je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1no, \u017ee novin\u00e1\u0159 to zve\u0159ejn\u00ed v \u010dl\u00e1nku, a pokud se to stane \u010dl\u00e1nkem v novin\u00e1ch, neur\u010dit\u00fd velk\u00fd po\u010det lid\u00ed si p\u0159e\u010dte l\u017ei. Proto je uzn\u00e1na \u0161\u00ed\u0159itelnost a spl\u0148uje to po\u017eadavek &#8220;ve\u0159ejn\u011b&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Co_znamena_%E2%80%9Cuvest_skutecnosti%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>Co znamen\u00e1 &#8220;uv\u00e9st skute\u010dnosti&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pro zalo\u017een\u00ed pomluvy mus\u00ed b\u00fdt obsahem v\u00fdroku &#8220;skute\u010dnost&#8221;. &#8220;Skute\u010dnost&#8221; znamen\u00e1 &#8220;v\u011bc, jej\u00ed\u017e pravdivost lze ov\u011b\u0159it d\u016fkazy&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nap\u0159\u00edklad tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee &#8220;hamburgery spole\u010dnosti A jsou chutn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e hamburgery spole\u010dnosti B&#8221;, je n\u00e1zorem jednotlivce. Chut\u011b se li\u0161\u00ed od \u010dlov\u011bka k \u010dlov\u011bku. Nejde o to, &#8220;p\u0159edlo\u017eit d\u016fkazy a rozhodnout, kter\u00fd je spr\u00e1vn\u00fd&#8221;. Proto pr\u00e1vo pova\u017euje takov\u00e9 tvrzen\u00ed za &#8220;ne skute\u010dnost&#8221;. Takov\u00fd v\u00fdrok nepovede k pomluv\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na druhou stranu, tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee &#8220;v hamburgeru spole\u010dnosti A je \u0161v\u00e1b&#8221;, lze ov\u011b\u0159it d\u016fkazy, zda je pravdiv\u00e9 nebo ne. Proto je to &#8220;skute\u010dnost&#8221;. Pokud byste u\u010dinili takov\u00e9 prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed, mohlo by doj\u00edt k pomluv\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Av\u0161ak, tato rozli\u0161en\u00ed nejsou v\u017edy jasn\u00e1 v konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech. Nap\u0159\u00edklad term\u00edn &#8220;\u010dern\u00e1 firma&#8221; nen\u00ed v\u017edy jasn\u011b &#8220;skute\u010dnost&#8221;. Zda uveden\u00fd text odpov\u00edd\u00e1 &#8220;skute\u010dnosti&#8221; nebo ne, je t\u0159eba posoudit na z\u00e1klad\u011b p\u0159edchoz\u00edch soudn\u00edch rozhodnut\u00ed a podobn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/reputation\/black-companies-dafamation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/monolith.law\/reputation\/black-companies-dafamation[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V judikatu\u0159e existuje tak\u00e9 r\u00e1mec, kter\u00fd \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvk\u016f na diskusn\u00edch f\u00f3rech a podobn\u011b by m\u011bl b\u00fdt kontext posuzov\u00e1n v\u010detn\u011b p\u0159edchoz\u00edch a n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch odpov\u011bd\u00ed. Tyto aspekty jsou podrobn\u011bji vysv\u011btleny v jin\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/reputation\/delationrequest-for-defamation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/monolith.law\/reputation\/delationrequest-for-defamation[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee obsah &#8220;skute\u010dnosti&#8221; nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt l\u017eiv\u00fd. Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed pojem &#8220;skute\u010dnost&#8221; je nesouvisej\u00edc\u00ed s t\u00edm, zda je to &#8220;pravda nebo le\u017e&#8221;. Proto m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k pomluv\u011b i p\u0159i uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed pravdy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Je to trochu slo\u017eit\u00e9, ale pomluva, jak je uvedeno n\u00ed\u017ee, nenastane, pokud jsou spln\u011bny n\u011bkter\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, jako je &#8220;je to pravda&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Pomluva se zalo\u017e\u00ed, pokud jsou spln\u011bny n\u011bkter\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, jako je &#8220;skute\u010dnost je uvedena&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ale pokud jsou spln\u011bny n\u011bkter\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, jako je &#8220;je to pravda&#8221;, nebude zalo\u017eena<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Toto je struktura.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Obcanskopravni_pomluva_muze_byt_zalozena_i_bez_uvedeni_konkretnich_skutecnosti\"><\/span>Ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed pomluva m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zalo\u017eena i bez uveden\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch skute\u010dnost\u00ed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed pomluva (poru\u0161en\u00ed pr\u00e1va na cti) je zalo\u017eena, pokud je vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed schopn\u00e9 sn\u00ed\u017eit soci\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed jedince. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed pomluva m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zalo\u017eena i v p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy nen\u00ed uvedena konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed skute\u010dnost, a to nav\u00edc k p\u0159\u00edpad\u016fm, kdy je zalo\u017eena trestn\u00e1 pomluva podle trestn\u00edho z\u00e1kona. Jedn\u00e1 se o takzvanou &#8220;pomluvu formou n\u00e1zoru nebo kritiky&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jednodu\u0161e \u0159e\u010deno, pomluva formou n\u00e1zoru nebo kritiky je pomluva, kter\u00e1 neobsahuje uveden\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch skute\u010dnost\u00ed, ale je zalo\u017eena na n\u00e1zoru nebo kritice. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, kdy\u017e n\u011bkdo vyj\u00e1d\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1zor jako &#8220;Ten \u010dlov\u011bk je \u0161kodliv\u00fd a neschopn\u00fd&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00e1zory a kritika by m\u011bly b\u00fdt \u0161iroce uzn\u00e1v\u00e1ny jako \u010diny pod ochranou svobody projevu, a proto je prah pro zalo\u017een\u00ed pomluvy formou n\u00e1zoru nebo kritiky vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u pomluvy formou uveden\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch skute\u010dnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00ed pomluvy formou n\u00e1zoru nebo kritiky naleznete v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/reputation\/expressions-and-defamation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/monolith.law\/reputation\/expressions-and-defamation[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Co_znamena_%E2%80%9Cposkodit_cest_nekoho%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>Co znamen\u00e1 &#8220;po\u0161kodit \u010dest n\u011bkoho&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;\u010cest&#8221; v kontextu po\u0161kozen\u00ed \u010dest znamen\u00e1 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, &#8220;po\u0161kodit \u010dest n\u011bkoho&#8221; znamen\u00e1 objektivn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eit soci\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed dan\u00e9 osoby.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fakta jako &#8220;sp\u00e1chal zlo\u010din&#8221;, &#8220;m\u011bl mimoman\u017eelsk\u00fd vztah&#8221;, &#8220;pou\u017eil \u0161patn\u00e9 metody v obchod\u011b&#8221;, a\u0165 u\u017e jsou pravdiv\u00e9 nebo ne, sni\u017euj\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed osoby, pokud jsou zve\u0159ejn\u011bny. Proto je uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed t\u011bchto fakt\u016f pova\u017eov\u00e1no za po\u0161kozen\u00ed \u010dest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na druhou stranu, &#8220;byl jsem ura\u017een n\u011bjak\u00fdm projevem&#8221; nesni\u017euje soci\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed, ale pouze po\u0161kozuje osobn\u00ed pocity (pocity \u010dest), a proto to nen\u00ed pova\u017eov\u00e1no za po\u0161kozen\u00ed \u010dest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud nedojde ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00edho hodnocen\u00ed osoby, nevznik\u00e1 trestn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost. Na druhou stranu, co se t\u00fd\u010de ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti, m\u016f\u017ee vzniknout, pokud je poru\u0161eno jak\u00e9koliv pr\u00e1vo krom\u011b pr\u00e1va na \u010dest. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b, pokud je vyj\u00e1d\u0159en n\u00e1zor, kter\u00fd poru\u0161uje pr\u00e1vo na soukrom\u00ed nebo pocity \u010dest, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pod\u00e1na \u017ealoba na n\u00e1hradu \u0161kody, i kdy\u017e to nen\u00ed pova\u017eov\u00e1no za po\u0161kozen\u00ed \u010dest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Co se t\u00fd\u010de ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti, praktick\u00fdm pravidlem je, \u017ee zhruba 70% p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f se t\u00fdk\u00e1 &#8220;po\u0161kozen\u00ed \u010dest (pr\u00e1vo na \u010dest)&#8221;, zhruba 20% se t\u00fdk\u00e1 &#8220;pr\u00e1va na soukrom\u00ed (nebo podobn\u00fdch pr\u00e1v)&#8221;, a zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch 10% se t\u00fdk\u00e1 jin\u00fdch r\u016fzn\u00fdch pr\u00e1v, mezi kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed i &#8220;pocity \u010dest&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00ed ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b &#8220;poru\u0161en\u00ed pocit\u016f \u010dest&#8221; naleznete v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/reputation\/defamation-and-infringement-of-self-esteem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/monolith.law\/reputation\/defamation-and-infringement-of-self-esteem[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Je_nutne_uznat_moznost_identifikace\"><\/span>Je nutn\u00e9 uznat mo\u017enost identifikace<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Jako p\u0159edpoklad pro po\u017eadavek &#8220;sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00edho hodnocen\u00ed osoby&#8221; je nutn\u00e9 uznat takzvanou &#8220;mo\u017enost identifikace&#8221;. Mo\u017enost identifikace znamen\u00e1, \u017ee c\u00edl v\u00fdrazu, kter\u00fd by mohl po\u0161kodit \u010dest, nepochybn\u011b ukazuje na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed osobu a neexistuje mo\u017enost, \u017ee by ukazoval na jinou osobu se stejn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem a p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nap\u0159\u00edklad, i kdy\u017e byla na anonymn\u00edm diskusn\u00edm f\u00f3ru, jako je 5chan, naps\u00e1na ur\u00e1\u017eka, \u017ee &#8220;K.S z firmy A byl propu\u0161t\u011bn za kr\u00e1de\u017e firemn\u00edho majetku&#8221;, m\u016f\u017ee existovat v\u00edce osob se jm\u00e9nem K.S pracuj\u00edc\u00edch ve firm\u011b s inici\u00e1lou A, a tedy pouze na z\u00e1klad\u011b tohoto nelze uznat mo\u017enost identifikace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud nem\u016f\u017eete prok\u00e1zat, \u017ee &#8220;tento popis je nepochybn\u011b o mn\u011b&#8221;, pomluva nen\u00ed platn\u00e1. Podrobn\u011bji vysv\u011btlujeme mo\u017enost identifikace v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/reputation\/defamation-privacy-infringement-identifiability\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/monolith.law\/reputation\/defamation-privacy-infringement-identifiability[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Podminky_za_kterych_neni_naplnena_pomluva\"><\/span>Podm\u00ednky, za kter\u00fdch nen\u00ed napln\u011bna pomluva<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"735\" height=\"490\" src=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2025\/11\/defamation-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-66898\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.5;width:840px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2025\/11\/defamation-4.jpg 735w, https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2025\/11\/defamation-4-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2025\/11\/defamation-4-250x167.jpg 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Kdyby bylo odhalen\u00ed korupce politika trest\u00e1no jako pomluva, byl by to velk\u00fd probl\u00e9m. Takov\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed je chr\u00e1n\u011bno jako svoboda projevu v r\u00e1mci \u00fastavy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aby byla dosa\u017eena rovnov\u00e1ha mezi ochranou svobody projevu a ochranou cti, i kdy\u017e jsou spln\u011bny podm\u00ednky pro pomluvu, pokud jsou spln\u011bny ur\u010dit\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, pomluva nen\u00ed napln\u011bna a nevznik\u00e1 trestn\u00ed ani ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Podm\u00ednky, za kter\u00fdch nen\u00ed napln\u011bna pomluva, jsou n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed t\u0159i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Existuje ve\u0159ejn\u00fd z\u00e1jem<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Existuje ve\u0159ejn\u00fd prosp\u011bch<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Je to pravda nebo je to p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Co_je_%E2%80%9Cverejny_zajem%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>Co je &#8220;ve\u0159ejn\u00fd z\u00e1jem&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ve\u0159ejn\u00fd z\u00e1jem znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se to t\u00fdk\u00e1 mnoha lid\u00ed. Jednodu\u0161e \u0159e\u010deno, jde o ot\u00e1zku, zda je &#8220;t\u00e9ma&#8221; ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m z\u00e1jmu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad projev t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se skand\u00e1lu politika je t\u00e9matem ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m z\u00e1jmu a je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 pop\u0159\u00edt ve\u0159ejn\u00fd z\u00e1jem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V judikatu\u0159e je ve\u0159ejn\u00fd z\u00e1jem uzn\u00e1v\u00e1n nejen v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch povol\u00e1n\u00ed, jako jsou politici a \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci, ale tak\u00e9 u osob na v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch pozic\u00edch s siln\u00fdm soci\u00e1ln\u00edm vlivem, jako jsou n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 organizace a v\u00fdkonn\u00ed \u0159editel\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V praxi je u spole\u010dnost\u00ed provozuj\u00edc\u00edch BtoC obchod nebo u \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00edch pracovn\u00edk\u016f spole\u010dnost\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 velikosti snadn\u00e9 uznat &#8220;ve\u0159ejn\u00fd z\u00e1jem&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Co_je_%E2%80%9Cverejny_prospech%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>Co je &#8220;ve\u0159ejn\u00fd prosp\u011bch&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ve\u0159ejn\u00fd prosp\u011bch znamen\u00e1, \u017ee projev po\u0161kozuj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dest byl proveden za \u00fa\u010delem ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho prosp\u011bchu. Jednodu\u0161e \u0159e\u010deno, jde o ot\u00e1zku &#8220;\u00fa\u010delu&#8221;. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, pokud byl projev t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se skand\u00e1lu politika proveden za \u00fa\u010delem z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eeny od osoby, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 s dan\u00fdm politikem troj\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00fd vztah, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ve\u0159ejn\u00fd prosp\u011bch pop\u0159en.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V judikatu\u0159e se p\u0159i posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho prosp\u011bchu bere v \u00favahu zp\u016fsob vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed skute\u010dnosti a stupe\u0148 vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed skute\u010dnosti (nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud, 16. dubna 1981 (1981), trestn\u00ed sb\u00edrka, svazek 35, \u010d\u00edslo 3, strana 84). Jin\u00fdmi slovy, posouzen\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho prosp\u011bchu je provedeno na z\u00e1klad\u011b konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch okolnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Co se t\u00fd\u010de pomluvy na internetu, existuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady, kdy se st\u00e1v\u00e1 probl\u00e9mem, kdy\u017e nen\u00ed zn\u00e1m autor p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku. V\u011bt\u0161ina p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, kdy autor nen\u00ed zn\u00e1m, je takov\u00fdch, kdy nen\u00ed zn\u00e1m ani \u00fa\u010del p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku. Pokud nen\u00ed zn\u00e1m autor, ve\u0159ejn\u00fd prosp\u011bch je pop\u0159en pouze v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, kdy &#8220;bez ohledu na to, kdo byl autorem, dan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek postr\u00e1d\u00e1 ve\u0159ejn\u00fd prosp\u011bch&#8221;. Je vz\u00e1cn\u00e9, aby byl ve\u0159ejn\u00fd prosp\u011bch pop\u0159en v takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Co_je_%E2%80%9Cpravdivost%E2%80%9D_a_%E2%80%9Cprimerenost%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>Co je &#8220;pravdivost&#8221; a &#8220;p\u0159im\u011b\u0159enost&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pravdivost znamen\u00e1, \u017ee uveden\u00e1 skute\u010dnost je pravdiv\u00e1. Nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9, aby v\u0161echny detaily uveden\u00e9 skute\u010dnosti byly pravdiv\u00e9, pokud jsou pravdiv\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti, je uzn\u00e1na &#8220;pravdivost&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159im\u011b\u0159enost znamen\u00e1, \u017ee i kdy\u017e je uveden\u00e1 skute\u010dnost nespr\u00e1vn\u00e1, osoba, kter\u00e1 uvedla skute\u010dnost, m\u011bla dobr\u00fd d\u016fvod v\u011b\u0159it, \u017ee je pravdiv\u00e1, vzhledem k pevn\u00fdm d\u016fkaz\u016fm a z\u00e1klad\u016fm. I kdy\u017e je zalo\u017eeno na n\u011bjak\u00e9m dokumentu, pokud je dokument jednostrann\u00fd nebo je nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 porozum\u011bn\u00ed dokumentu, je p\u0159im\u011b\u0159enost pop\u0159ena.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud existuje ve\u0159ejn\u00fd z\u00e1jem a ve\u0159ejn\u00fd prosp\u011bch a obsah p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku je pravdiv\u00fd, nebo pokud existuje dobr\u00fd d\u016fvod v\u011b\u0159it, \u017ee je pravdiv\u00fd, vzhledem k pevn\u00fdm d\u016fkaz\u016fm a z\u00e1klad\u016fm, pomluva nen\u00ed napln\u011bna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pro stranu, kter\u00e1 tvrd\u00ed pomluvu, jsou p\u0159\u00edpady, kdy je pop\u0159en ve\u0159ejn\u00fd z\u00e1jem nebo ve\u0159ejn\u00fd prosp\u011bch, vz\u00e1cn\u00e9, tak\u017ee \u017eivotn\u00ed linkou je pravdivost a p\u0159im\u011b\u0159enost. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f je pro napln\u011bn\u00ed pomluvy nutn\u00e9, aby &#8220;bez ohledu na ve\u0159ejn\u00fd z\u00e1jem nebo ve\u0159ejn\u00fd prosp\u011bch, to nen\u00ed pravda a neexistuje dobr\u00fd d\u016fvod v\u011b\u0159it, \u017ee je pravdiv\u00e9, vzhledem k pevn\u00fdm d\u016fkaz\u016fm a z\u00e1klad\u016fm&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Podrobn\u011b vysv\u011btlujeme jeden p\u0159\u00edklad tvrzen\u00ed a d\u016fkaz\u016f, \u017ee uveden\u00e1 skute\u010dnost nen\u00ed pravdiv\u00e1, v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/reputation\/defamation-dueto-stealthmarketing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/monolith.law\/reputation\/defamation-dueto-stealthmarketing[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pripady_kdy_byla_podana_zaloba_za_poskozeni_cti\"><\/span>P\u0159\u00edpady, kdy byla pod\u00e1na \u017ealoba za po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"735\" height=\"490\" src=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2025\/11\/defamation-5.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-66901\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.5;width:840px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2025\/11\/defamation-5.jpg 735w, https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2025\/11\/defamation-5-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2025\/11\/defamation-5-250x167.jpg 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159edstav\u00edme n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, kdy byla pod\u00e1na \u017ealoba za po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pripad_kdy_byl_retweet_na_Twitteru_povazovan_za_poskozeni_cti\"><\/span>P\u0159\u00edpad, kdy byl retweet na Twitteru pova\u017eov\u00e1n za po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ilustrace, kter\u00e1 po\u0161kozuje \u010dest a je v rozporu s fakty, byla zve\u0159ejn\u011bna na Twitteru a byla retweetov\u00e1na, co\u017e vedlo k tomu, \u017ee ob\u011b\u0165 po\u017eadovala od\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed od osoby, kter\u00e1 tweet retweetovala. Tokijsk\u00fd okresn\u00ed soud dne 30. listopadu 2021 (Roku 3 Reiwa (2021) 14093 &#8211; \u017ealoba na n\u00e1hradu \u0161kody) uznal, \u017ee retweet vyjad\u0159uje souhlas s p\u016fvodn\u00edm tweetem, pokud neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed okolnosti, a uznal, \u017ee do\u0161lo k po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nav\u00edc, v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, kdy ob\u011b\u0165 po\u017eadovala od\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed od osoby, kter\u00e1 retweetovala tweet po\u0161kozuj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dest, Osaka High Court dne 23. \u010dervna 2020 (Roku 2 Reiwa (2020) 2126 &#8211; odvol\u00e1n\u00ed proti \u017ealob\u011b na n\u00e1hradu \u0161kody) uznal, \u017ee pokud p\u016fvodn\u00ed tweet po\u0161kozuje \u010dest, retweet je nez\u00e1konn\u00fd bez ohledu na okolnosti nebo z\u00e1m\u011br, a uznal \u017ealobu na n\u00e1hradu \u0161kody.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nejen tweet, kter\u00fd sni\u017euje soci\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed osoby na Twitteru, je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti, ale tak\u00e9 \u010din retweetov\u00e1n\u00ed takov\u00e9ho tweetu je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pripad_kdy_bylo_odeslani_e-mailu_na_pracovisti_povazovano_za_poskozeni_cti\"><\/span>P\u0159\u00edpad, kdy bylo odesl\u00e1n\u00ed e-mailu na pracovi\u0161ti pova\u017eov\u00e1no za po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, kdy kolega odeslal e-mail ostatn\u00edm zam\u011bstnanc\u016fm s fakty, \u017ee zam\u011bstnanec byl v minulosti zat\u010den za kr\u00e1de\u017e, nebo \u017ee se pod\u00edlel na trestn\u00fdch \u010dinech jako je vyd\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed, hrozba, neleg\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed praxe nebo k\u0159iv\u00e9 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed, Tokijsk\u00fd okresn\u00ed soud dne 13. dubna 2017 (Roku 29 Heisei (2017) \u010d. 19355 &#8211; \u017ealoba na n\u00e1hradu \u0161kody za po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti, proti\u017ealoba na n\u00e1hradu \u0161kody za pad\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed soukrom\u00fdch dokument\u016f) uznal, \u017ee do\u0161lo k po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti, a uznal \u017ealobu na n\u00e1hradu \u0161kody.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pro \u00fasp\u011bch \u017ealoby na po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti na pracovi\u0161ti je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9, zda bylo jedn\u00e1n\u00ed &#8220;ve\u0159ejn\u00e9&#8221;. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bylo uzn\u00e1no, \u017ee bylo &#8220;ve\u0159ejn\u00e9&#8221;, proto\u017ee e-mail byl odesl\u00e1n mnoha lidem a existovala mo\u017enost \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pripady_kdy_nebylo_uznano_poskozeni_cti\"><\/span>P\u0159\u00edpady, kdy nebylo uzn\u00e1no po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>O p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy nebylo uzn\u00e1no po\u0161kozen\u00ed cti, podrobn\u011bji pojedn\u00e1v\u00e1me v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/reputation\/cases-not-recognized-as-defamation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/monolith.law\/reputation\/cases-not-recognized-as-defamation[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Shrnuti_Pokud_chcete_podat_zalobu_za_pomluvu_overte_si_splneni_podminek\"><\/span>Shrnut\u00ed: Pokud chcete podat \u017ealobu za pomluvu, ov\u011b\u0159te si spln\u011bn\u00ed podm\u00ednek<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"735\" height=\"490\" src=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2025\/11\/defamation-6.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-66899\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.5;width:840px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2025\/11\/defamation-6.jpg 735w, https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2025\/11\/defamation-6-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2025\/11\/defamation-6-250x167.jpg 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Shrnut\u00edm dosavadn\u00ed diskuse, podm\u00ednky pro uzn\u00e1n\u00ed pomluvy jsou, \u017ee je nutn\u00e9 &#8220;ve\u0159ejn\u011b&#8221; &#8220;uv\u00e9st skute\u010dnost&#8221; a &#8220;po\u0161kodit ciz\u00ed pov\u011bst&#8221;, pokud nejsou spln\u011bny ve\u0159ejn\u00fd z\u00e1jem, ve\u0159ejnost, pravdivost nebo p\u0159im\u011b\u0159enost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pomluva je komplikovan\u00e1 nejen svou strukturou, ale tak\u00e9 existuje mnoho precedens\u016f a jej\u00ed posouzen\u00ed vy\u017eaduje pokro\u010dil\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed znalosti. Doporu\u010dujeme se obr\u00e1tit na pr\u00e1vn\u00edka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud chcete zjistit obsah tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku ve videu, pod\u00edvejte se na video na na\u0161em YouTube kan\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/pPYN_5k_5P4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/pPYN_5k_5P4[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>D\u00edky rozvoji internetu m\u016f\u017ee nyn\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd voln\u011b vys\u00edlat sv\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy. Av\u0161ak na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b se pomluvy na internetu staly spole\u010densk\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem. V jak\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech lze za pomluvy na internetu, kter\u00e9 se ro [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":66897,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[21,41],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60884"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=60884"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60884\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":66904,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60884\/revisions\/66904"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/66897"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=60884"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=60884"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=60884"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}