{"id":61042,"date":"2023-12-08T20:24:21","date_gmt":"2023-12-08T11:24:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/?p=61042"},"modified":"2024-03-30T08:44:08","modified_gmt":"2024-03-29T23:44:08","slug":"thesis-plagiarism-standard","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/thesis-plagiarism-standard","title":{"rendered":"Jak\u00e1 jsou krit\u00e9ria pro plagi\u00e1torstv\u00ed v akademick\u00fdch prac\u00edch? Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed na p\u0159\u00edkladech z judikatury"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Je samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee nen\u00ed povoleno odevzd\u00e1vat texty, kter\u00e9 jsou pouh\u00fdm kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00edm a vkl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm textu jin\u00fdch lid\u00ed, nebo kter\u00e9 obsahuj\u00ed velkou \u010d\u00e1st takov\u00fdchto \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed, jako vlastn\u00ed, a\u0165 u\u017e p\u0159i publikov\u00e1n\u00ed knihy nebo zve\u0159ej\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed na internetu. Pokud nespl\u0148ujete po\u017eadavky na spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 &#8220;citov\u00e1n\u00ed&#8221;, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1no za &#8220;plagi\u00e1torstv\u00ed&#8221; a bude to pova\u017eov\u00e1no za v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 po\u0161kozen\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jak tedy rozhodneme, zda je diserta\u010dn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce plagi\u00e1torstv\u00ed? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zde vysv\u011btl\u00edme p\u0159\u00edpady, kdy bylo plagi\u00e1torstv\u00ed &#8220;diserta\u010dn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce&#8221; p\u0159edm\u011btem soudn\u00edho sporu a bylo uzn\u00e1no jako plagi\u00e1torstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_53 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/thesis-plagiarism-standard\/#Pripad_uznani_plagiatorstvi\" title=\"P\u0159\u00edpad uzn\u00e1n\u00ed plagi\u00e1torstv\u00ed\">P\u0159\u00edpad uzn\u00e1n\u00ed plagi\u00e1torstv\u00ed<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/thesis-plagiarism-standard\/#Pozadi_pripadu\" title=\"Pozad\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpadu\">Pozad\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpadu<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/thesis-plagiarism-standard\/#Prubeh_vedouci_k_disciplinarnimu_propusteni\" title=\"Pr\u016fb\u011bh vedouc\u00ed k disciplin\u00e1rn\u00edmu propu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed\">Pr\u016fb\u011bh vedouc\u00ed k disciplin\u00e1rn\u00edmu propu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/thesis-plagiarism-standard\/#Namitky_zalobce\" title=\"N\u00e1mitky \u017ealobce\">N\u00e1mitky \u017ealobce<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/thesis-plagiarism-standard\/#Rozhodnuti_soudu\" title=\"Rozhodnut\u00ed soudu\">Rozhodnut\u00ed soudu<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/thesis-plagiarism-standard\/#Shrnuti\" title=\"Shrnut\u00ed\">Shrnut\u00ed<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/internet\/thesis-plagiarism-standard\/#Predstaveni_opatreni_nasi_kancelare\" title=\"P\u0159edstaven\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159e\">P\u0159edstaven\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159e<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pripad_uznani_plagiatorstvi\"><\/span>P\u0159\u00edpad uzn\u00e1n\u00ed plagi\u00e1torstv\u00ed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Plaintiff, kter\u00fd zast\u00e1val pozici docenta na Akademii v\u011bd na univerzit\u011b a, tvrdil, \u017ee univerzita nem\u011bla objektivn\u011b racion\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u016fvody pro jeho propu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b obvin\u011bn\u00ed z plagi\u00e1torstv\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f. Argumentoval, \u017ee takov\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed nen\u00ed pova\u017eov\u00e1no za p\u0159ijateln\u00e9 podle spole\u010densk\u00fdch norem. Proto po\u017eadoval potvrzen\u00ed sv\u00e9ho postaven\u00ed jako zam\u011bstnance na z\u00e1klad\u011b pracovn\u00ed smlouvy a \u017e\u00e1dal o zaplacen\u00ed nevyplacen\u00e9 mzdy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pozadi_pripadu\"><\/span>Pozad\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpadu<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u017dalobce uzav\u0159el 1. dubna 2000 pracovn\u00ed smlouvu s \u017ealovan\u00fdm, \u0161kolskou korporac\u00ed, kter\u00e1 provozuje univerzitu A, a nastoupil jako odborn\u00fd lektor na fakult\u011b C univerzity A. Dne 1. dubna 2002 se stal asistentem profesora na stejn\u00e9 fakult\u011b a pozd\u011bji se stal docentem na dan\u00e9m akademick\u00e9m institutu. Jeho odbornou oblast\u00ed je management a specializuje se na strategii \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. \u017dalobce v roce 2001 publikoval anglick\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek s n\u00e1zvem &#8220;\u25cb\u25cb&#8221; (d\u00e1le jen &#8220;\u010cl\u00e1nek A&#8221;) v akademick\u00e9m \u010dasopise &#8220;u&#8221;, kter\u00fd vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 fakulta C univerzity A, a p\u0159i sv\u00e9m pov\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed na asistenta profesora dne 1. dubna 2002 p\u0159edlo\u017eil \u010cl\u00e1nek A jako svou pov\u00fd\u0161ovac\u00ed pr\u00e1ci. \u010cl\u00e1nek A byl tak\u00e9 hl\u00e1\u0161en jako v\u00fdsledek v\u00fdzkumu projektu, kter\u00fd byl c\u00edlem grantu pro v\u011bdeck\u00fd v\u00fdzkum (tzv. &#8220;Kakenhi&#8221;) od Japonsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti pro podporu v\u011bdy v letech 2001 a\u017e 2002, a byl tak\u00e9 zve\u0159ejn\u011bn v datab\u00e1zi grantov\u00fdch projekt\u016f Kakenhi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00e1le \u017ealobce v roce 2003 publikoval v \u010dasopise &#8220;u&#8221; anglick\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek s n\u00e1zvem &#8220;\u25b3\u25b3&#8221; (d\u00e1le jen &#8220;\u010cl\u00e1nek B&#8221;).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/thesis-plagiarism-standard-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-41068\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Prubeh_vedouci_k_disciplinarnimu_propusteni\"><\/span>Pr\u016fb\u011bh vedouc\u00ed k disciplin\u00e1rn\u00edmu propu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Profesor D z Akademie v\u011bd na univerzit\u011b a informoval \u017ealobce v polovin\u011b dubna 2014, \u017ee obsah jeho pr\u00e1ce A byl ozna\u010den za podobn\u00fd jin\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci na z\u00e1klad\u011b upozorn\u011bn\u00ed z vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zdroj\u016f. Nav\u00edc, kolem poloviny kv\u011btna t\u00e9ho\u017e roku, sd\u011blil profesoru E, kter\u00fd je d\u011bkanem Akademie v\u011bd a vedouc\u00edm odd\u011blen\u00ed c na univerzit\u011b a, a profesoru F, kter\u00fd je vedouc\u00edm studijn\u00edho odd\u011blen\u00ed na odd\u011blen\u00ed c, \u017ee pr\u00e1ce A je velmi podobn\u00e1 doktorsk\u00e9 disertaci nazvan\u00e9 &#8220;\u25a1\u25a1&#8221; (d\u00e1le jen &#8220;srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed pr\u00e1ce A1&#8221;), kterou napsal americk\u00fd v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk G v roce 1998 (1998), a \u017ee je podez\u0159el\u00e1 z plagi\u00e1torstv\u00ed. Tak\u00e9 sd\u011blil, \u017ee se zd\u00e1, \u017ee mezi postgradu\u00e1ln\u00edmi studenty koluj\u00ed zv\u011bsti, \u017ee \u017ealobce mohl tak\u00e9 odcizit pr\u00e1ci nazvanou &#8220;\u25ce\u25ce&#8221; (d\u00e1le jen &#8220;srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed pr\u00e1ce A2&#8221;), kterou stejn\u00fd G publikoval v \u010dasopise v roce 2000 (2000).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na z\u00e1klad\u011b toho profesor F provedl vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v akademick\u00e9m vyhled\u00e1va\u010di literatury, aby zjistil, zda existuje podobnost mezi prac\u00ed A a srovn\u00e1vac\u00edmi pracemi A1 a A2. N\u00e1hodou v\u0161ak narazil na podez\u0159en\u00ed, \u017ee pr\u00e1ce B, kterou napsal \u017ealobce, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt podobn\u00e1 anglick\u00e9mu \u010dl\u00e1nku nazvan\u00e9mu &#8220;\u25cf\u25cf&#8221; (d\u00e1le jen &#8220;srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed pr\u00e1ce B&#8221;), kter\u00fd H a dal\u0161\u00ed autor (d\u00e1le jen &#8220;H a spol.&#8221;) publikovali v \u010dasopise v roce 1999 (1999).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd v\u00fdbor, kter\u00fd byl z\u0159\u00edzen na z\u00e1klad\u011b tohoto podez\u0159en\u00ed, uvedl ve sv\u00e9 zpr\u00e1v\u011b ze dne 3. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2014, \u017ee ob\u011b pr\u00e1ce byly pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b vytvo\u0159eny na z\u00e1klad\u011b nezve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00fdch rukopis\u016f, kter\u00e9 \u017ealobce z\u00edskal b\u011bhem sv\u00e9ho studia na americk\u00e9 postgradu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161kole. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b, pr\u00e1ce A byla pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b vytvo\u0159ena na z\u00e1klad\u011b nezve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00e9ho rukopisu, kter\u00fd G p\u0159edstavil na v\u011bdeck\u00e9 konferenci v roce 1997 (d\u00e1le jen &#8220;p\u016fvodn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce A&#8221;), a pr\u00e1ce B byla pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b vytvo\u0159ena na z\u00e1klad\u011b rukopisu, kter\u00fd H a spol. p\u0159edstavili na v\u011bdeck\u00e9 konferenci kolem roku 1997 (d\u00e1le jen &#8220;p\u016fvodn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce B&#8221;). Zpr\u00e1va d\u00e1le uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee texty obou prac\u00ed jsou t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 identick\u00e9 s texty prac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u016fvodn\u00ed auto\u0159i napsali a publikovali na z\u00e1klad\u011b p\u016fvodn\u00edch prac\u00ed (srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed pr\u00e1ce), a \u017ee \u017ealobce opakovan\u011b prov\u00e1d\u011bl podobn\u00e9 \u010diny. Z toho bylo usuzov\u00e1no, \u017ee \u010diny \u017ealobce v souvislosti s podez\u0159en\u00edm z neopr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9ho pou\u017eit\u00ed prac\u00ed byly \u00famysln\u00e9 plagi\u00e1torstv\u00ed, proto\u017ee byly pou\u017eity nezve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce, kter\u00e9 jsou m\u00e9n\u011b viditeln\u00e9 pro ve\u0159ejnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dne 9. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed t\u00e9ho\u017e roku v\u00fdbor pro vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00fd byl z\u0159\u00edzen na mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9m zased\u00e1n\u00ed profesorsk\u00e9ho sboru Akademie v\u011bd, u\u010dinil zpr\u00e1vu d\u011bkanovi Akademie v\u011bd, profesoru E, ve kter\u00e9 bylo uvedeno, \u017ee \u010diny \u017ealobce byly shled\u00e1ny jako plagi\u00e1torstv\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00edch prac\u00ed dne 13. \u0159\u00edjna. Zpr\u00e1va tak\u00e9 zd\u016fraznila, \u017ee \u017ealobce opakovan\u011b prov\u00e1d\u011bl plagi\u00e1torstv\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00edch prac\u00ed, \u017ee neopr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce byly hl\u00e1\u0161eny a publikov\u00e1ny jako v\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu financovan\u00e9ho z v\u011bdeck\u00fdch grant\u016f, \u017ee tyto pr\u00e1ce byly pou\u017eity jako promo\u010dn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce p\u0159i pov\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed na pozici docenta, a \u017ee dosud nebyly p\u0159ijaty \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 opat\u0159en\u00ed k odstran\u011bn\u00ed t\u011bchto v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch nesrovnalost\u00ed. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u011bchto skute\u010dnost\u00ed bylo rozhodnuto, \u017ee disciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed propu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed je vhodn\u00e9. Pot\u00e9 bylo dne 21. listopadu rozhodnuto o disciplin\u00e1rn\u00edm propu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b rozhodnut\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00ed rady a tent\u00fd\u017e den byl \u017ealobce o tomto rozhodnut\u00ed informov\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Namitky_zalobce\"><\/span>N\u00e1mitky \u017ealobce<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u017dalobce tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee jeho propu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bylo nespravedliv\u00e9 a neplatn\u00e9, a proto se soudn\u011b dom\u00e1h\u00e1 potvrzen\u00ed sv\u00e9ho postaven\u00ed jako zam\u011bstnance s pr\u00e1vy vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edmi z pracovn\u00ed smlouvy a v\u00fdplaty nezaplacen\u00e9 mzdy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u017dalobce d\u00e1le tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee nez\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b plagi\u00e1toval p\u016fvodn\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek A z n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f. \u010cl\u00e1nek A byl takzvan\u00fd &#8220;p\u0159ehledov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek (review article)&#8221;, kter\u00fd byl naps\u00e1n s c\u00edlem p\u0159edstavit v\u00fdsledky p\u0159edchoz\u00edch studi\u00ed v oblasti ekonomie transak\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1klad\u016f, a to na z\u00e1klad\u011b nezve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00e9ho rukopisu (p\u016fvodn\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek A), kter\u00fd byl distribuov\u00e1n na v\u011bdeck\u00e9m semin\u00e1\u0159i, na kter\u00e9m \u017ealobce \u00fa\u010dastnil b\u011bhem sv\u00e9ho studia na H univerzit\u011b. Jak je z\u0159ejm\u00e9 z toho, \u017ee \u010dl\u00e1nek A cituje p\u016fvodn\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek A, \u017ealobce nem\u011bl v \u00famyslu tento \u010dl\u00e1nek z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b plagi\u00e1torovat. \u017dalobce tak\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u011bl k \u010dl\u00e1nku A t\u00edm, \u017ee citoval sv\u00e9 p\u0159edchoz\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky, mezi jin\u00fdmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159ehled (review) je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho procesu, kter\u00fd shrnuje a p\u0159edstavuje p\u0159edchoz\u00ed v\u00fdzkum na dan\u00e9 t\u00e9ma, aby bylo jasn\u00e9, jak se v\u00fdzkum umis\u0165uje v kontextu. V\u011bt\u0161ina v\u011bdeck\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f m\u00e1 v \u00favodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti kr\u00e1tkou sekci s p\u0159ehledem. Je tak\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9 publikovat samostatn\u00fd p\u0159ehledov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek. Je v\u0161ak nutn\u00e9 jasn\u011b uv\u00e9st, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o citaci p\u0159edchoz\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu, a proto je seznam citovan\u00e9 literatury obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd. \u010cl\u00e1nek A v\u0161ak neobsahoval seznam citovan\u00e9 literatury.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Co se t\u00fd\u010de \u010dl\u00e1nku B, \u017ealobce tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee tento \u010dl\u00e1nek napsal na z\u00e1klad\u011b vlastn\u00edho sb\u011bru a anal\u00fdzy dat o vzorc\u00edch prezentovan\u00fdch v p\u016fvodn\u00edm v\u011bdeck\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku B, kter\u00fd byl distribuov\u00e1n jako souhrn na v\u011bdeck\u00e9m semin\u00e1\u0159i na H univerzit\u011b, kde \u017ealobce studoval. Jak je z\u0159ejm\u00e9 z toho, \u017ee \u017ealobce sv\u016fj v\u00fdzkum d\u00e1le rozv\u00edjel na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u010dl\u00e1nku B, nem\u011bl v \u00famyslu tento \u010dl\u00e1nek z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b plagi\u00e1torovat. Av\u0161ak data, kter\u00e1 \u017ealobce s\u00e1m shrom\u00e1\u017edil a analyzoval pro \u010dl\u00e1nek B, byla ztracena kv\u016fli po\u0161kozen\u00ed pevn\u00e9ho disku po\u010d\u00edta\u010de a nemohla b\u00fdt p\u0159edlo\u017eena vy\u0161et\u0159ovac\u00ed komisi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u017dalobce tak\u00e9 tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee jeho propu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bylo neopr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9, proto\u017ee bylo provedeno 11 a 13 let po publikaci \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f A a B. I kdy\u017e neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 ustanoven\u00ed o lh\u016ft\u011b pro pod\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00ed\u017enosti, z hlediska zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed mo\u017enosti obrany v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b obvin\u011bn\u00ed z nespr\u00e1vnosti ve v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti by nem\u011blo b\u00fdt povoleno prov\u00e1d\u011bt vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo disciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed po dlouh\u00e9 dob\u011b od dan\u00e9ho \u010dinu. Skute\u010dn\u011b, data, kter\u00e1 \u017ealobce s\u00e1m shrom\u00e1\u017edil a analyzoval pro \u010dl\u00e1nek B, byla ztracena kv\u016fli po\u0161kozen\u00ed pevn\u00e9ho disku po\u010d\u00edta\u010de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/thesis-plagiarism-standard-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-41067\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rozhodnuti_soudu\"><\/span>Rozhodnut\u00ed soudu<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V soudn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed byla zkoum\u00e1na podobnost text\u016f tak, \u017ee pokud byl cel\u00fd \u0159\u00e1dek nebo jeho podstatn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st shodn\u00e1, bylo to pova\u017eov\u00e1no za shodu jednoho \u0159\u00e1dku. Pokud byla shodn\u00e1 v\u00edce ne\u017e polovina slov v \u0159\u00e1dku, bylo to pova\u017eov\u00e1no za shodu 0,5 \u0159\u00e1dku. V ostatn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech nebyla shoda uzn\u00e1na.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00fdsledkem bylo, \u017ee u textu A soud konstatoval, \u017ee 70,2 % \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f hlavn\u00edho textu se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 shoduje s referen\u010dn\u00edm textem A1 a tak\u00e9 t\u0159i vlo\u017een\u00e9 grafy a tabulky se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 shoduj\u00ed. Soud uznal, \u017ee text A je reprodukc\u00ed referen\u010dn\u00edho textu A1. Nebylo zde \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed, \u017ee text A je textem, kter\u00fd p\u0159edstavuje p\u016fvodn\u00ed text A, ani \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed, \u017ee text A je textem, kter\u00fd p\u0159edstavuje p\u016fvodn\u00ed text A (takzvan\u00fd &#8220;v\u00fdhledov\u00fd text&#8221;, jak tvrd\u00ed \u017ealobce). Naopak, bylo uvedeno, \u017ee diskuse v textu A nazna\u010duje, \u017ee je v\u00fdsledkem v\u00fdzkumu samotn\u00e9ho \u017ealobce. Soud uznal, \u017ee text A byl naps\u00e1n \u017ealobcem, kter\u00fd \u00famysln\u011b plagioval p\u016fvodn\u00ed text A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Co se t\u00fd\u010de textu B, soud po podobn\u00e9 anal\u00fdze konstatoval, \u017ee 87,9 % \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f hlavn\u00edho textu se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 shoduje s referen\u010dn\u00edm textem B a tak\u00e9 p\u011bt vlo\u017een\u00fdch graf\u016f a tabulek je zcela shodn\u00fdch. Soud uznal, \u017ee text B je reprodukc\u00ed referen\u010dn\u00edho textu B. Nebylo zde \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 citov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00edho textu B. Soud uznal, \u017ee text B byl naps\u00e1n \u017ealobcem, kter\u00fd \u00famysln\u011b plagioval p\u016fvodn\u00ed text B.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na z\u00e1klad\u011b toho soud rozhodl:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>Univerzita, jako st\u0159edisko v\u011bdy, m\u00e1 za \u00fakol \u0161\u00ed\u0159it znalosti a prov\u00e1d\u011bt hlubok\u00fd v\u00fdzkum a v\u00fduku ve sv\u00fdch specializac\u00edch, rozv\u00edjet intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed, mor\u00e1ln\u00ed a aplikovan\u00e9 schopnosti (japonsk\u00fd \u0161kolsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon, \u010dl\u00e1nek 83, odstavec 1) a p\u0159isp\u00edvat k rozvoji spole\u010dnosti t\u00edm, \u017ee poskytuje sv\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky \u0161irok\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti (tamt\u00e9\u017e, odstavec 2). V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci na univerzit\u011b by m\u011bli b\u00fdt povinni udr\u017eovat vysokou \u00farove\u0148 etiky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Plagi\u00e1torstv\u00ed text\u016f, kter\u00e9 sp\u00e1chal \u017ealobce, je \u010dinem, kter\u00fd zneva\u017euje v\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu jin\u00fdch lid\u00ed a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 \u00fasp\u011bchy. Jedn\u00e1 se o z\u00e1kladn\u00ed postoj v\u00fdzkumn\u00edka a vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 pochybnosti o jeho kvalifikaci jako v\u00fdzkumn\u00edka. Fakt, \u017ee se takov\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed opakovalo dvakr\u00e1t b\u011bhem pouh\u00fdch t\u0159\u00ed let a \u017ee ob\u011b \u010diny byly zalo\u017eeny na nezve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00fdch resum\u00e9ch distribuovan\u00fdch na v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch konferenc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 jsou t\u011b\u017eko detekovateln\u00e9, ukazuje na z\u00e1va\u017enost t\u011bchto \u010din\u016f.<\/p>\n<cite>Rozhodnut\u00ed Tokijsk\u00e9ho okresn\u00edho soudu ze dne 16. ledna 2018 (2018)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>A zam\u00edtl v\u0161echny n\u00e1roky \u017ealobce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Soud v reakci na argument \u017ealobce, \u017ee &#8220;nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bt vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo disciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed dlouho po dan\u00e9m \u010dinu&#8221;, uvedl, \u017ee i kdy\u017e nelze pop\u0159\u00edt, \u017ee v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b dlouhodob\u00e9ho uplynut\u00ed \u010dasu od v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed by m\u011blo b\u00fdt opatrn\u011b p\u0159istupov\u00e1no k disciplin\u00e1rn\u00edm opat\u0159en\u00edm z hlediska obrany dan\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumn\u00edka, v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed zahrnuje r\u016fzn\u00e9 formy, jako je v\u00fdroba nebo fal\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed dat pova\u017eovan\u00fdch za v\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu, plagi\u00e1torstv\u00ed atd., a stupe\u0148 z\u00e1va\u017enosti a konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed zp\u016fsoby obrany proti obvin\u011bn\u00ed z nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed se li\u0161\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na jednotliv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech, tak\u017ee disciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed po dlouh\u00e9m obdob\u00ed od \u010dinu nelze jednozna\u010dn\u011b pop\u0159\u00edt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A co se t\u00fd\u010de plagi\u00e1torstv\u00ed text\u016f v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, je z\u0159ejm\u00e9 na prvn\u00ed pohled, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd text je plagi\u00e1tem p\u016fvodn\u00edho textu, pouze na z\u00e1klad\u011b jeho ozna\u010den\u00ed a form\u00e1tu, tak\u017ee nelze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee by \u017ealobci vznikla skute\u010dn\u00e1 nev\u00fdhoda v obran\u011b jen proto, \u017ee uplynulo dlouh\u00e9 obdob\u00ed od plagi\u00e1torstv\u00ed text\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/thesis-plagiarism-standard-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-41066\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Shrnuti\"><\/span>Shrnut\u00ed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u011bdeck\u00fdch prac\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 ur\u010dit, zda se jedn\u00e1 o plagi\u00e1torstv\u00ed, pomoc\u00ed &#8220;anal\u00fdzy ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1dku&#8221;, jak bylo vid\u011bt v tomto soudn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, m\u016f\u017ee se tak\u00e9 rozhodnout na z\u00e1klad\u011b toho, kolik znak\u016f bez interpunkce a z\u00e1vorek je celkov\u011b stejn\u00fdch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Plagi\u00e1torstv\u00ed je z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdm poru\u0161en\u00edm pravidel a pokud je odhaleno, m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 odpov\u011bdnosti. Proto je t\u0159eba b\u00fdt opatrn\u00fd p\u0159i pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed text\u016f jin\u00fdch lid\u00ed a spl\u0148ovat po\u017eadavky na spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 citace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/corporate\/quote-text-and-images-without-infringing-copyright\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/monolith.law\/corporate\/quote-text-and-images-without-infringing-copyright[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Predstaveni_opatreni_nasi_kancelare\"><\/span>P\u0159edstaven\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159e<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pr\u00e1vnick\u00e1 kancel\u00e1\u0159 Monolis je odborn\u00edkem na IT, zejm\u00e9na na internet a pr\u00e1vo. V posledn\u00edch letech se du\u0161evn\u00ed vlastnictv\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na autorsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va, st\u00e1v\u00e1 st\u0159edem pozornosti a pot\u0159eba pr\u00e1vn\u00ed kontroly se st\u00e1le zvy\u0161uje. Na\u0161e kancel\u00e1\u0159 poskytuje \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se du\u0161evn\u00edho vlastnictv\u00ed. Podrobnosti jsou uvedeny v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/practices\/corporate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/monolith.law\/practices\/corporate[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Je samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee nen\u00ed povoleno odevzd\u00e1vat texty, kter\u00e9 jsou pouh\u00fdm kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00edm a vkl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm textu jin\u00fdch lid\u00ed, nebo kter\u00e9 obsahuj\u00ed velkou \u010d\u00e1st takov\u00fdchto \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed, jako vlastn\u00ed, a\u0165 u\u017e p\u0159i publikov\u00e1n\u00ed kni [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":64015,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[21,41],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61042"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61042"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61042\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":64016,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61042\/revisions\/64016"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/64015"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61042"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61042"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61042"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}