{"id":61432,"date":"2023-12-08T20:25:33","date_gmt":"2023-12-08T11:25:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/?p=61432"},"modified":"2024-03-25T19:23:11","modified_gmt":"2024-03-25T10:23:11","slug":"system-development-unlawful-responsibility","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/it\/system-development-unlawful-responsibility","title":{"rendered":"P\u0159\u00edpady, kdy se v syst\u00e9mov\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji stala probl\u00e9mem odpov\u011bdnost za protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>V oblasti pr\u00e1vn\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f p\u0159i v\u00fdvoji syst\u00e9m\u016f se v\u011bt\u0161ina spor\u016f t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se r\u016fzn\u00fdch pr\u00e1v a povinnost\u00ed odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 na z\u00e1klad\u011b p\u0159edem uzav\u0159en\u00e9 &#8220;smlouvy&#8221;. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, pr\u00e1vn\u00ed povinnosti nejsou v\u017edy zalo\u017eeny pouze na existenci p\u0159edem uzav\u0159en\u00e9 &#8220;smlouvy&#8221;. Typick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem je pr\u00e1vn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost za protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku p\u0159edstavujeme koncept &#8220;protipr\u00e1vn\u00edho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed&#8221;, kter\u00fd nen\u00ed zalo\u017een na smlouv\u011b, a vysv\u011btlujeme vztah mezi z\u00e1konem o protipr\u00e1vn\u00edm jedn\u00e1n\u00ed a projekty v\u00fdvoje syst\u00e9m\u016f.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_53 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/it\/system-development-unlawful-responsibility\/#Vztah_mezi_projekty_vyvoje_systemu_a_protipravnimi_ciny\" title=\"Vztah mezi projekty v\u00fdvoje syst\u00e9m\u016f a protipr\u00e1vn\u00edmi \u010diny\">Vztah mezi projekty v\u00fdvoje syst\u00e9m\u016f a protipr\u00e1vn\u00edmi \u010diny<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/it\/system-development-unlawful-responsibility\/#Ruzne_odpovednosti_spojene_s_vyvojem_systemu\" title=\"R\u016fzn\u00e9 odpov\u011bdnosti spojen\u00e9 s v\u00fdvojem syst\u00e9m\u016f\">R\u016fzn\u00e9 odpov\u011bdnosti spojen\u00e9 s v\u00fdvojem syst\u00e9m\u016f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/it\/system-development-unlawful-responsibility\/#Vetsina_odpovednosti_je_stanovena_na_zaklade_smlouvy\" title=\"V\u011bt\u0161ina odpov\u011bdnost\u00ed je stanovena na z\u00e1klad\u011b smlouvy\">V\u011bt\u0161ina odpov\u011bdnost\u00ed je stanovena na z\u00e1klad\u011b smlouvy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/it\/system-development-unlawful-responsibility\/#Odpovednost_za_protipravni_ciny_neni_zalozena_na_smlouve\" title=\"Odpov\u011bdnost za protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u010diny nen\u00ed zalo\u017eena na smlouv\u011b\">Odpov\u011bdnost za protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u010diny nen\u00ed zalo\u017eena na smlouv\u011b<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/it\/system-development-unlawful-responsibility\/#Scenare_kdy_se_v_systemovem_vyvoji_stava_problemem_nezakonne_jednani\" title=\"Sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e, kdy se v syst\u00e9mov\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji st\u00e1v\u00e1 probl\u00e9mem nez\u00e1konn\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed\">Sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e, kdy se v syst\u00e9mov\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji st\u00e1v\u00e1 probl\u00e9mem nez\u00e1konn\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/it\/system-development-unlawful-responsibility\/#Je_vzacne_aby_byla_pri_vyvoji_systemu_uplatnovana_odpovednost_za_protipravni_jednani\" title=\"Je vz\u00e1cn\u00e9, aby byla p\u0159i v\u00fdvoji syst\u00e9m\u016f uplat\u0148ov\u00e1na odpov\u011bdnost za protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed\">Je vz\u00e1cn\u00e9, aby byla p\u0159i v\u00fdvoji syst\u00e9m\u016f uplat\u0148ov\u00e1na odpov\u011bdnost za protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/it\/system-development-unlawful-responsibility\/#Pripad_kdy_se_stala_otazkou_odpovednost_za_protipravni_jednani_pred_uzavrenim_smlouvy\" title=\"P\u0159\u00edpad, kdy se stala ot\u00e1zkou odpov\u011bdnost za protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed uzav\u0159en\u00edm smlouvy\">P\u0159\u00edpad, kdy se stala ot\u00e1zkou odpov\u011bdnost za protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed uzav\u0159en\u00edm smlouvy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/it\/system-development-unlawful-responsibility\/#Vztah_mezi_nezakonnym_jednanim_a_povinnostmi_projektoveho_managementu\" title=\"Vztah mezi nez\u00e1konn\u00fdm jedn\u00e1n\u00edm a povinnostmi projektov\u00e9ho managementu\">Vztah mezi nez\u00e1konn\u00fdm jedn\u00e1n\u00edm a povinnostmi projektov\u00e9ho managementu<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/it\/system-development-unlawful-responsibility\/#Co_je_princip_dobre_viry\" title=\"Co je princip dobr\u00e9 v\u00edry?\">Co je princip dobr\u00e9 v\u00edry?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/it\/system-development-unlawful-responsibility\/#Shrnuti\" title=\"Shrnut\u00ed\">Shrnut\u00ed<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vztah_mezi_projekty_vyvoje_systemu_a_protipravnimi_ciny\"><\/span>Vztah mezi projekty v\u00fdvoje syst\u00e9m\u016f a protipr\u00e1vn\u00edmi \u010diny<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/pixta_26896585_M-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5068\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Probl\u00e9my s &#8220;ho\u0159en\u00edm&#8221; a &#8220;odpov\u011bdnost\u00ed&#8221; p\u0159i v\u00fdvoji syst\u00e9m\u016f jsou diskutov\u00e1ny v kontextu obsahu smlouvy.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ruzne_odpovednosti_spojene_s_vyvojem_systemu\"><\/span>R\u016fzn\u00e9 odpov\u011bdnosti spojen\u00e9 s v\u00fdvojem syst\u00e9m\u016f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Kdy\u017e mluv\u00edme o t\u00e9matech spojen\u00fdch s v\u00fdvojem syst\u00e9m\u016f a &#8220;pr\u00e1vem&#8221;, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b si nejprve vybav\u00edme situace, kdy projekt &#8220;ho\u0159\u00ed&#8221; nebo kdy\u017e mezi u\u017eivatelem a dodavatelem dojde k n\u011bjak\u00e9mu sporu.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/corporate\/collapse-of-the-system-development-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/monolith.law\/corporate\/collapse-of-the-system-development-project[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek vysv\u011btluje, \u017ee p\u0159esto\u017ee existuje mnoho r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f &#8220;ho\u0159en\u00ed&#8221;, lze je uspo\u0159\u00e1dat do relativn\u011b jednoduch\u00e9ho diagramu, kdy\u017e je pozorujeme v r\u00e1mci pr\u00e1vn\u00edho r\u00e1mce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kdy\u017e se setk\u00e1me s konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpadem &#8220;ho\u0159en\u00ed&#8221; a sna\u017e\u00edme se ho vy\u0159e\u0161it pomoc\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9ho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho opat\u0159en\u00ed (nap\u0159\u00edklad soudn\u00edho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nebo mediace), ot\u00e1zkou se st\u00e1v\u00e1, kdo a jakou povinnost (= odpov\u011bdnost) nesl. O t\u00e9matu &#8220;odpov\u011bdnosti&#8221;, kter\u00e9 je \u00fazce spojeno s projekty v\u00fdvoje syst\u00e9m\u016f, diskutujeme v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/corporate\/responsibility-system-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/monolith.law\/corporate\/responsibility-system-development[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vetsina_odpovednosti_je_stanovena_na_zaklade_smlouvy\"><\/span>V\u011bt\u0161ina odpov\u011bdnost\u00ed je stanovena na z\u00e1klad\u011b smlouvy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Podrobnosti o t\u00e9matech jako &#8220;ho\u0159en\u00ed&#8221; a &#8220;odpov\u011bdnost&#8221; v oblasti v\u00fdvoje syst\u00e9m\u016f nech\u00e1me na dal\u0161\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch, ale d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm bodem zde je, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina pr\u00e1vn\u00edch mo\u017enost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se uplat\u0148uj\u00ed v konfliktn\u00edch situac\u00edch spojen\u00fdch s v\u00fdvojem syst\u00e9m\u016f (nap\u0159\u00edklad zru\u0161en\u00ed smlouvy nebo n\u00e1roky na n\u00e1hradu \u0161kody), jsou zalo\u017eeny na obsahu smlouvy. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, pokud se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na \u010dast\u00e9 probl\u00e9my spojen\u00e9 s v\u00fdvojem syst\u00e9m\u016f, jako je &#8220;odpov\u011bdnost za nespln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1vazk\u016f&#8221; nebo &#8220;odpov\u011bdnost za vady&#8221;, je to z\u0159ejm\u00e9.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Odpov\u011bdnost za nespln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1vazk\u016f \u2192 nap\u0159\u00edklad zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed dod\u00e1n\u00ed (= prodlen\u00ed s pln\u011bn\u00edm) nebo nedokon\u010den\u00ed samotn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu (= neschopnost pln\u011bn\u00ed). Kdy p\u0159esn\u011b je term\u00edn dod\u00e1n\u00ed a jak\u00e9 jsou po\u017eadavky na syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 b\u00fdt vytvo\u0159en, je stanoveno v souladu se smlouvou.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Odpov\u011bdnost za vady \u2192 nap\u0159\u00edklad pokud jsou po dod\u00e1n\u00ed objeveny chyby nebo pokud se uk\u00e1\u017ee, \u017ee existuj\u00ed v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 probl\u00e9my s rychlost\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed. I zde je nakonec probl\u00e9mem odchylka od obsahu smlouvy, kter\u00e1 stanovuje, jak\u00fd m\u011bl b\u00fdt syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd m\u011bl b\u00fdt vytvo\u0159en.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Odpovednost_za_protipravni_ciny_neni_zalozena_na_smlouve\"><\/span>Odpov\u011bdnost za protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u010diny nen\u00ed zalo\u017eena na smlouv\u011b<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Na druhou stranu, na rozd\u00edl od &#8220;nespln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1vazk\u016f&#8221; a &#8220;vady&#8221;, kter\u00e9 jsou zalo\u017eeny na smlouv\u011b, odpov\u011bdnost za protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u010diny nep\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 existenci smlouvy. To neplat\u00ed pouze pro v\u00fdvoj syst\u00e9m\u016f, ale pro v\u0161echny konflikty, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Co je vlastn\u011b protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u010din, je stanoveno v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku 709 ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>\u010cl\u00e1nek 709<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Osoba, kter\u00e1 \u00famysln\u011b nebo z nedbalosti poru\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1va jin\u00e9 osoby nebo z\u00e1jmy chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 z\u00e1konem, je povinna nahradit \u0161kodu zp\u016fsobenou t\u00edmto poru\u0161en\u00edm.<br><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm slovem je &#8220;jin\u00fd&#8221;. Nezahrnuje pouze ty, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou v obchodn\u00edm vztahu, ale v\u0161echny &#8220;jin\u00e9&#8221; osoby ne\u017e samotnou osobu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Typick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem protipr\u00e1vn\u00edho \u010dinu je dopravn\u00ed nehoda. Pokud zp\u016fsob\u00edte dopravn\u00ed nehodu, nap\u0159\u00edklad t\u00edm, \u017ee se d\u00edv\u00e1te jinam, nejen\u017ee nesete trestn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost, ale tak\u00e9 civiln\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost. Tato civiln\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost je odpov\u011bdnost za protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u010din. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, i kdy\u017e nem\u00e1te s ob\u011bt\u00ed autonehody &#8220;smlouvu o nenar\u00e1\u017een\u00ed do auta&#8221;, nesete \u0161irokou odpov\u011bdnost v\u016f\u010di &#8220;jin\u00fdm&#8221; lidem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Scenare_kdy_se_v_systemovem_vyvoji_stava_problemem_nezakonne_jednani\"><\/span>Sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e, kdy se v syst\u00e9mov\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji st\u00e1v\u00e1 probl\u00e9mem nez\u00e1konn\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/pixta_37256851_M-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5113\" style=\"width:768px;height:512px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Jak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady nez\u00e1konn\u00e9 odpov\u011bdnosti se objevuj\u00ed v souvislosti s v\u00fdvojem syst\u00e9m\u016f?<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Je_vzacne_aby_byla_pri_vyvoji_systemu_uplatnovana_odpovednost_za_protipravni_jednani\"><\/span>Je vz\u00e1cn\u00e9, aby byla p\u0159i v\u00fdvoji syst\u00e9m\u016f uplat\u0148ov\u00e1na odpov\u011bdnost za protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Av\u0161ak v r\u016fzn\u00fdch sporech t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se v\u00fdvoje syst\u00e9m\u016f, mnoho lid\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt pocit, \u017ee je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 p\u0159edstavit si n\u011bco jako &#8220;st\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti bez p\u0159edpokladu smluvn\u00edho vztahu&#8221;, podobn\u00e9ho &#8220;autonehod\u011b&#8221;. Ve skute\u010dnosti, v minul\u00fdch soudn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se v\u00fdvoje syst\u00e9m\u016f, nebylo mnoho p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, kdy byla uzn\u00e1na odpov\u011bdnost za protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To nen\u00ed v\u016fbec divn\u00e9. Naopak, vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee projekty v\u00fdvoje syst\u00e9m\u016f postupuj\u00ed ve spolupr\u00e1ci mezi u\u017eivatelem a dodavatelem, lze to pova\u017eovat za p\u0159irozen\u00e9. V\u011bt\u0161ina spor\u016f t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se v\u00fdvoje syst\u00e9m\u016f se \u010dasto redukuje na ot\u00e1zky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se \u00falohy, kter\u00e1 je zalo\u017eena na p\u0159edpokladu smluvn\u00edho vztahu, jako je &#8220;povinnost \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed projektu&#8221; a &#8220;povinnost spolupr\u00e1ce u\u017eivatele&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nap\u0159\u00edklad n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek ukazuje, jak \u0159e\u0161it p\u0159\u00edpad, kdy &#8220;u\u017eivatel chce p\u0159eru\u0161it projekt&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/corporate\/interrruption-of-system-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/monolith.law\/corporate\/interrruption-of-system-development[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zde vysv\u011btlujeme d\u016fle\u017eitost sebereflexe na stran\u011b dodavatele, i kdy\u017e je to u\u017eivatel, kdo po\u017eaduje p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek tak\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u011b \u0159e\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9my, jako je &#8220;zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed dod\u00e1n\u00ed&#8221;. Jak vid\u00edte, nakonec je probl\u00e9mem pouze \u00faloha mezi u\u017eivatelem a dodavatelem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/corporate\/performance-delay-in-system-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/monolith.law\/corporate\/performance-delay-in-system-development[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kdy\u017e se na to takto d\u00edv\u00e1me, zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee charakteristikou projekt\u016f v\u00fdvoje syst\u00e9m\u016f je t\u011bsnost vztahu mezi &#8220;dodavatelem, kter\u00fd \u0159\u00edd\u00ed projekt&#8221; a &#8220;u\u017eivatelem, kter\u00fd spolupracuje&#8221;. A pr\u00e1v\u011b tato t\u011bsnost smluvn\u00edho vztahu se ironicky st\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1rodkem spor\u016f. Proto v tomto smyslu, p\u0159\u00edpady, kdy je v sporu t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edm se v\u00fdvoje syst\u00e9m\u016f uplat\u0148ov\u00e1na odpov\u011bdnost za protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, mo\u017en\u00e1 nejsou &#8220;typick\u00fdmi ot\u00e1zkami&#8221; v tomto oboru.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pripad_kdy_se_stala_otazkou_odpovednost_za_protipravni_jednani_pred_uzavrenim_smlouvy\"><\/span>P\u0159\u00edpad, kdy se stala ot\u00e1zkou odpov\u011bdnost za protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed uzav\u0159en\u00edm smlouvy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Existuj\u00ed v\u0161ak p\u0159\u00edpady, kdy byla uzn\u00e1na odpov\u011bdnost dodavatele za protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edpad uveden\u00fd v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm cit\u00e1tu rozhodnut\u00ed soudu se t\u00fdk\u00e1 situace, kdy dodavatel neposkytl u\u017eivateli dostate\u010dn\u00e9 informace, co\u017e vedlo k nesrovnalostem v ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed obou stran, jak projekt postupoval, a nakonec k jeho zastaven\u00ed. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b byl d\u016fvodem pro zastaven\u00ed projektu nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed dodavatele v \u00favodn\u00ed f\u00e1zi pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed a n\u00e1vrhu, a proto\u017ee tyto \u010dinnosti se obvykle prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed &#8220;p\u0159ed&#8221; uzav\u0159en\u00edm smlouvy, ot\u00e1zkou se stala mo\u017enost st\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti na z\u00e1klad\u011b protipr\u00e1vn\u00edho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, nikoli na z\u00e1klad\u011b smluvn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti. (Podtr\u017een\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti a \u00fapravy tu\u010dn\u00fdm p\u00edsmem jsou dopln\u011bny autorem pro \u00fa\u010dely vysv\u011btlen\u00ed.)<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><u>V f\u00e1zi pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed a n\u00e1vrhu<\/u> jsou stanoveny hlavn\u00ed aspekty t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se c\u00edl\u016f projektu, n\u00e1klad\u016f na v\u00fdvoj, rozsahu v\u00fdvoje a odhadu doby v\u00fdvoje, <u>a tak\u00e9 jsou ur\u010dena rizika spojen\u00e1 s projektem<\/u>. Proto je <u>anal\u00fdza projektu a rizik, kterou se od dodavatele vy\u017eaduje v t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi, nezbytn\u00e1 pro prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdvoje syst\u00e9mu<\/u>. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee <u>dodavatel by m\u011bl v t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi<\/u> zv\u00e1\u017eit a ov\u011b\u0159it funkce syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd navrhuje, jeho schopnost splnit pot\u0159eby u\u017eivatele, metody v\u00fdvoje syst\u00e9mu, strukturu v\u00fdvoje po p\u0159ijet\u00ed objedn\u00e1vky atd., a m\u011bl by u\u017eivateli vysv\u011btlit p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e1 rizika. Tato povinnost dodavatele prov\u011b\u0159it a vysv\u011btlit by m\u011bla b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1na za <u>protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed povinnost zalo\u017eenou na z\u00e1sad\u011b dobr\u00e9 v\u00edry<\/u> v procesu vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed uzav\u0159en\u00edm smlouvy, a lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee odvolatel jako dodavatel nese takovou povinnost (<u>povinnost t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed projektu v t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi<\/u>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<cite>Verdikt Vrchn\u00edho soudu v Tokiu ze dne 26. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2013 (Heisei 25)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Jin\u00fdmi slovy, i kdy\u017e bylo obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 konstruovat teorii na z\u00e1klad\u011b nepln\u011bn\u00ed dluhu stanoven\u00e9ho smlouvou, proto\u017ee se jednalo o z\u00e1le\u017eitosti &#8220;p\u0159ed&#8221; uzav\u0159en\u00edm smlouvy, o\u010dek\u00e1valo se spravedliv\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee se uzn\u00e1 poru\u0161en\u00ed povinnosti zalo\u017een\u00e9 na protipr\u00e1vn\u00edm jedn\u00e1n\u00ed.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vztah_mezi_nezakonnym_jednanim_a_povinnostmi_projektoveho_managementu\"><\/span>Vztah mezi nez\u00e1konn\u00fdm jedn\u00e1n\u00edm a povinnostmi projektov\u00e9ho managementu<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee v\u00fdvoj syst\u00e9mu je proces, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m dodavatel a u\u017eivatel spolupracuj\u00ed z jejich vlastn\u00edch pozic. Povinnosti, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 dodavatel jako odborn\u00edk na v\u00fdvoj syst\u00e9m\u016f, se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed &#8220;povinnosti projektov\u00e9ho managementu&#8221;. Celkov\u00fd v\u00fdklad toho, co znamenaj\u00ed povinnosti projektov\u00e9ho managementu, je uveden v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/corporate\/project-management-duties\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/monolith.law\/corporate\/project-management-duties[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V tomto rozhodnut\u00ed se nejen zkoum\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka, &#8220;existuj\u00ed situace, kdy m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt probl\u00e9mem odpov\u011bdnost za nez\u00e1konn\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i v\u00fdvoji syst\u00e9mu&#8221;, ale tak\u00e9 p\u0159itahuje ur\u010ditou pozornost z hlediska, &#8220;jsou povinnosti projektov\u00e9ho managementu aplikov\u00e1ny i na vztahy p\u0159ed uzav\u0159en\u00edm smlouvy&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Co_je_princip_dobre_viry\"><\/span>Co je princip dobr\u00e9 v\u00edry?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00e1le se v rozsudku objevuje bod &#8220;povinnost podle principu dobr\u00e9 v\u00edry&#8221;, kter\u00fd je zalo\u017een na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm ustanoven\u00ed.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>Ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk, paragraf 1, odstavec 2 (Japonsk\u00fd ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00fdkon pr\u00e1v a pln\u011bn\u00ed povinnost\u00ed mus\u00ed b\u00fdt prov\u00e1d\u011bny v dobr\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e a s poctivost\u00ed.<br><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Jedn\u00e1 se o takzvanou obecnou klauzuli v ob\u010dansk\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u00edku, kter\u00e1 je z\u00e1kladn\u00edm principem platn\u00fdm pro v\u0161echna \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed spor\u016f pomoc\u00ed ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku. Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed teorie t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se pr\u00e1v a povinnost\u00ed by m\u011bla b\u00fdt zalo\u017eena na z\u00e1kladn\u00edch principech &#8220;dobr\u00e9 v\u00edry&#8221; a &#8220;poctivosti&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud vezmeme v \u00favahu p\u0159\u00edpad tohoto rozsudku, pokud by dodavatel podal n\u00e1mitku, \u017ee &#8220;v pl\u00e1novac\u00ed a n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9 f\u00e1zi, pokud smlouva nebyla uzav\u0159ena, nen\u00ed povinnost\u00ed prov\u00e9st p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed&#8221;, pak by to znamenalo, \u017ee chyb\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed poctivost a jako pr\u00e1vn\u00ed argument by to nebylo podporov\u00e1no.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Shrnuti\"><\/span>Shrnut\u00ed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Term\u00edny jako &#8220;protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed&#8221;, &#8220;povinnost \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed projektu&#8221; a &#8220;pravidlo dobr\u00e9 v\u00edry&#8221; se objevily v n\u011bkolika d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch kontextech, ale celkov\u00e1 souvislost nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 slo\u017eit\u00e1. V r\u00e1mci cel\u00e9ho procesu v\u00fdvoje syst\u00e9mu existuje koncept &#8220;povinnosti \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed projektu&#8221;, kter\u00fd vyjad\u0159uje zodpov\u011bdnosti a povinnosti, kter\u00e9 dodavatel zast\u00e1v\u00e1 komplexn\u011b. Tyto povinnosti jsou z\u00e1kladn\u011b odvozeny z konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho obsahu smlouvy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Av\u0161ak pr\u00e1vn\u00ed povinnosti nejsou form\u00e1ln\u011b stanoveny na z\u00e1klad\u011b p\u0159edem uzav\u0159en\u00e9 smlouvy, ale zahrnuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 individu\u00e1ln\u00ed posouzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zahrnuje principy jako &#8220;pravidlo dobr\u00e9 v\u00edry&#8221;. A samotn\u00e9 uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti, kter\u00e9 nep\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 smluvn\u00ed vztah, je tak\u00e9 p\u0159edem p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1no v pr\u00e1vn\u00edm smyslu na z\u00e1klad\u011b teoretick\u00e9 struktury &#8220;protipr\u00e1vn\u00edho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Je t\u0159eba si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee pr\u00e1vn\u00ed povinnosti nejsou nutn\u011b zalo\u017eeny pouze na smluvn\u00edch vztaz\u00edch, a m\u011bli byste se pokusit pochopit celkov\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh.<br><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V oblasti pr\u00e1vn\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f p\u0159i v\u00fdvoji syst\u00e9m\u016f se v\u011bt\u0161ina spor\u016f t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se r\u016fzn\u00fdch pr\u00e1v a povinnost\u00ed odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 na z\u00e1klad\u011b p\u0159edem uzav\u0159en\u00e9 &#8220;smlouvy&#8221;. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, pr\u00e1vn\u00ed povinnosti nejsou v\u017ed [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":63141,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[19,31],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61432"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61432"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61432\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":63142,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61432\/revisions\/63142"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/63141"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61432"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61432"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61432"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}