{"id":61606,"date":"2023-12-08T20:25:38","date_gmt":"2023-12-08T11:25:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/?p=61606"},"modified":"2024-03-30T13:26:23","modified_gmt":"2024-03-30T04:26:23","slug":"underage-e-commerce-cancel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/underage-e-commerce-cancel","title":{"rendered":"Zru\u0161en\u00ed objedn\u00e1vky v elektronick\u00e9m obchod\u011b nezletil\u00fdmi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Jak je posuzov\u00e1no, kdy\u017e nezletil\u00fd \u017eadatel o elektronick\u00fd obchod tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee chce zru\u0161it svou \u017e\u00e1dost?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Co se t\u00fd\u010de smluv nezletil\u00fdch, \u010dl\u00e1nek 5 odstavec 1 a 2 Japonsk\u00e9ho ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku (Japonsk\u00fd ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk) stanov\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>Ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk (Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed nezletil\u00fdch)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u010cl\u00e1nek 5 Nezletil\u00fd mus\u00ed z\u00edskat souhlas sv\u00e9ho z\u00e1konn\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupce, aby mohl jednat podle z\u00e1kona. Av\u0161ak, toto neplat\u00ed pro pr\u00e1vn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 pouze z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 pr\u00e1va nebo se vyh\u00fdb\u00e1 povinnostem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1 Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je v rozporu s p\u0159edchoz\u00edm odstavcem, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zru\u0161eno.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Podle toho, smlouvy uzav\u0159en\u00e9 nezletil\u00fdmi bez souhlasu jejich z\u00e1konn\u00fdch z\u00e1stupc\u016f (rodi\u010d\u016f nebo poru\u010dn\u00edk\u016f), mohou b\u00fdt zru\u0161eny, a to i v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b elektronick\u00fdch smluv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_53 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/underage-e-commerce-cancel\/#Pripady_kdy_neni_mozne_zrusit_smlouvu_uzavrenou_nezletilou_osobou\" title=\"P\u0159\u00edpady, kdy nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 zru\u0161it smlouvu uzav\u0159enou nezletilou osobou\">P\u0159\u00edpady, kdy nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 zru\u0161it smlouvu uzav\u0159enou nezletilou osobou<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/underage-e-commerce-cancel\/#Pripad_kdy_nezletily_ziskal_souhlas_zakonneho_zastupce\" title=\"P\u0159\u00edpad, kdy nezletil\u00fd z\u00edskal souhlas z\u00e1konn\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupce\">P\u0159\u00edpad, kdy nezletil\u00fd z\u00edskal souhlas z\u00e1konn\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupce<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/underage-e-commerce-cancel\/#Pripad_majetku_ktery_byl_povolen_k_dispozici\" title=\"P\u0159\u00edpad majetku, kter\u00fd byl povolen k dispozici\">P\u0159\u00edpad majetku, kter\u00fd byl povolen k dispozici<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/underage-e-commerce-cancel\/#Pripad_kdy_nezletily_pouzije_podvod_pri_podavani_zadosti\" title=\"P\u0159\u00edpad, kdy nezletil\u00fd pou\u017eije podvod p\u0159i pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dosti\">P\u0159\u00edpad, kdy nezletil\u00fd pou\u017eije podvod p\u0159i pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dosti<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/underage-e-commerce-cancel\/#Po_zruseni_elektronickeho_obchodu_nezletilymi\" title=\"Po zru\u0161en\u00ed elektronick\u00e9ho obchodu nezletil\u00fdmi\">Po zru\u0161en\u00ed elektronick\u00e9ho obchodu nezletil\u00fdmi<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/underage-e-commerce-cancel\/#Shrnuti\" title=\"Shrnut\u00ed\">Shrnut\u00ed<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/underage-e-commerce-cancel\/#Uvod_do_opatreni_nasi_kancelare\" title=\"\u00davod do opat\u0159en\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159e\">\u00davod do opat\u0159en\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159e<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pripady_kdy_neni_mozne_zrusit_smlouvu_uzavrenou_nezletilou_osobou\"><\/span>P\u0159\u00edpady, kdy nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 zru\u0161it smlouvu uzav\u0159enou nezletilou osobou<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Av\u0161ak, jen proto, \u017ee smlouvu uzav\u0159ela nezletil\u00e1 osoba, neznamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee je mo\u017en\u00e9 v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zru\u0161it jej\u00ed nab\u00eddku na uzav\u0159en\u00ed smlouvy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zru\u0161en\u00ed nab\u00eddky na uzav\u0159en\u00ed smlouvy z d\u016fvodu nezletilosti nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee &#8220;nezletil\u00e1 osoba z\u00edskala souhlas sv\u00e9ho z\u00e1konn\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupce&#8221;, &#8220;v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b majetku, kter\u00fd byl povolen k dispozici&#8221;, nebo &#8220;v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, kdy nezletil\u00e1 osoba pou\u017eila podvod p\u0159i pod\u00e1n\u00ed nab\u00eddky&#8221;. Tyto p\u0159\u00edpady vysv\u011btl\u00edme podrobn\u011bji.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/underage-e-commerce-cancel-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-43004\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pripad_kdy_nezletily_ziskal_souhlas_zakonneho_zastupce\"><\/span>P\u0159\u00edpad, kdy nezletil\u00fd z\u00edskal souhlas z\u00e1konn\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupce<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Jak je uvedeno v \u010dl\u00e1nku 5 odstavec 1 Japonsk\u00e9ho ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku (Japanese Civil Code), smlouvy uzav\u0159en\u00e9 nezletil\u00fdmi s souhlasem jejich z\u00e1konn\u00fdch z\u00e1stupc\u016f nelze zru\u0161it. Proto je v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b elektronick\u00fdch smluv obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 ov\u011b\u0159it souhlas z\u00e1konn\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupce ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s obchodn\u00edmi transakcemi tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 nebo p\u00edsemn\u00fdmi transakcemi. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, je nutn\u00e9, aby podnikatel\u00e9 zv\u00e1\u017eili vhodn\u00e9 kroky pro p\u0159ijet\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dosti o ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u011bku \u017eadatele a souhlasu z\u00e1konn\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Obvykl\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed souhlasu z\u00e1konn\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupce je uv\u00e9st v pr\u016fb\u011bhu procesu \u017e\u00e1dosti na obrazovce nebo v podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch pou\u017eit\u00ed, \u017ee &#8220;v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u017e\u00e1dosti od nezletil\u00e9ho je nutn\u00fd souhlas z\u00e1konn\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupce&#8221;. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, tato formulace sama o sob\u011b nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1na za souhlas z\u00e1konn\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupce, tak\u017ee je nutn\u00e9 posoudit p\u0159\u00edtomnost souhlasu v kombinaci s dal\u0161\u00edmi prvky, jako je ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm telefonu nebo po\u0161ty mimo online metody.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kdy\u017e nezletil\u00fd prov\u00e1d\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dost o smlouvu, je nutn\u00e9 upozornit, \u017ee je nutn\u00e9 z\u00edskat souhlas z\u00e1konn\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupce, proto\u017ee operace na obrazovce prov\u00e1d\u00ed nezletil\u00fd. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je tak\u00e9 nutn\u00e9 poskytnout vhodnou obrazovku (velikost textu, barva, v\u00fdraz, zohledn\u011bn\u00ed mal\u00e9ho zobrazen\u00ed na mobiln\u00edch telefonech, snadno srozumiteln\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed atd.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/corporate\/points-of-user-policy-firsthalf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/monolith.law\/corporate\/points-of-user-policy-firsthalf[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud podnikatel ur\u010d\u00ed kreditn\u00ed kartu jako prost\u0159edek platby, pokud je nezletil\u00fd \u017eadatel o smlouvu a dr\u017eitel kreditn\u00ed karty stejn\u00fd, je mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee souhlas z\u00e1konn\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupce s vytvo\u0159en\u00edm kreditn\u00ed karty byl p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b ov\u011b\u0159en v\u00fdrobce karty. Proto, pokud je vyd\u00e1na kreditn\u00ed karta na jm\u00e9no nezletil\u00e9ho a z\u00e1konn\u00fd z\u00e1stupce souhlasil s vyd\u00e1n\u00edm karty, je mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee prodejn\u00ed smlouvy atd., kter\u00e9 se o\u010dek\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee nezletil\u00fd provede platbu kartou u obchodn\u00edka s kreditn\u00ed kartou, mohou b\u00fdt obecn\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za souhlas z\u00e1konn\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupce s jednotliv\u00fdmi prodejn\u00edmi smlouvami atd. do v\u00fd\u0161e limitu karty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Av\u0161ak mohou nastat situace, kdy se prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed transakce, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1konn\u00fd z\u00e1stupce p\u0159i vyd\u00e1n\u00ed karty nep\u0159edpokl\u00e1dal. P\u0159\u00edkladem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt situace, kdy nezletil\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 kreditn\u00ed kartu k platb\u011b na seznamovac\u00edch webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bude souhlas z\u00e1konn\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupce posuzov\u00e1n s ohledem na p\u0159edm\u011bt transakce pro jednotliv\u00e9 prodejn\u00ed smlouvy atd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/underage-e-commerce-cancel-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-43006\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Stejn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup se uplat\u0148uje i na elektronick\u00e9 smlouvy uzav\u0159en\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed mobiln\u00edch telefon\u016f, pokud je \u017eadatelem o smlouvu nezletil\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b elektronick\u00fdch smluv uzav\u0159en\u00fdch pomoc\u00ed mobiln\u00edch telefon\u016f se \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 platebn\u00ed syst\u00e9m poskytovan\u00fd mobiln\u00edmi oper\u00e1tory (tzv. oper\u00e1torov\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dtov\u00e1n\u00ed), kter\u00fd \u00fa\u010dtuje u\u017eivatele za slu\u017eby spolu s poplatky za pou\u017eit\u00ed mobiln\u00edho telefonu. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 elektronick\u00e1 smlouva je v\u0161ak uzav\u0159ena samostatn\u011b mezi u\u017eivatelem (\u017eadatelem) a poskytovatelem slu\u017eby, a pokud je u\u017eivatelem nezletil\u00fd, je nutn\u00e9 posoudit p\u0159\u00edtomnost souhlasu z\u00e1konn\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupce pro ka\u017edou elektronickou smlouvu, tak\u017ee je nutn\u00e1 opatrnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Co se t\u00fd\u010de oper\u00e1torov\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dtov\u00e1n\u00ed, v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee nezletil\u00fd je smluvn\u00ed stranou mobiln\u00edho telefonu, nebo pokud je nezletil\u00fd zaregistrov\u00e1n jako u\u017eivatel, i kdy\u017e je rodi\u010d smluvn\u00ed stranou, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nastaven limit pro pou\u017eit\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u dosp\u011bl\u00fdch, nebo m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt mo\u017en\u00e9 nastavit limit na libovolnou ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stku. V takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee pokud byly dodr\u017eeny kroky, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed z\u00e1konn\u00e9mu z\u00e1stupci jasn\u011b pochopit a nastavit limit, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1no, \u017ee z\u00e1konn\u00fd z\u00e1stupce p\u0159edem souhlasil s jednotliv\u00fdmi smlouvami o pou\u017eit\u00ed slu\u017eby do v\u00fd\u0161e limitu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pripad_majetku_ktery_byl_povolen_k_dispozici\"><\/span>P\u0159\u00edpad majetku, kter\u00fd byl povolen k dispozici<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V odstavci 3 \u010dl\u00e1nku 5 ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku (japonsk\u00fd Ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk) je uvedeno:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>Ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk (Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed nezletil\u00fdch) \u010dl\u00e1nek 5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3 Bez ohledu na ustanoven\u00ed odstavce 1, majetek, kter\u00fd byl povolen k dispozici s ur\u010den\u00fdm \u00fa\u010delem z\u00e1konn\u00fdm z\u00e1stupcem, m\u016f\u017ee nezletil\u00fd disponovat v r\u00e1mci tohoto \u00fa\u010delu. Tot\u00e9\u017e plat\u00ed i v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, kdy nezletil\u00fd disponuje majetkem, kter\u00fd byl povolen k dispozici bez ur\u010den\u00ed \u00fa\u010delu.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Tedy, pokud z\u00e1konn\u00fd z\u00e1stupce povolil dispozici majetku s ur\u010den\u00fdm \u00fa\u010delem, nezletil\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee s t\u00edmto majetkem disponovat v r\u00e1mci tohoto \u00fa\u010delu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;Povolen\u00ed k dispozici s ur\u010den\u00fdm \u00fa\u010delem&#8221; znamen\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159\u00edpady, kdy je povolena dispozice pro ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely, jako jsou \u0161koln\u00e9 nebo cestovn\u00e9. Kdy\u017e nezletil\u00fd disponuje majetkem, kter\u00fd byl povolen k dispozici &#8220;bez ur\u010den\u00ed \u00fa\u010delu&#8221; z\u00e1konn\u00fdm z\u00e1stupcem, nap\u0159\u00edklad kdy\u017e nezletil\u00fd prov\u00e1d\u00ed transakce v r\u00e1mci kapesn\u00e9ho, kter\u00e9 mu bylo poskytnuto bez omezen\u00ed na jeho pou\u017eit\u00ed, nen\u00ed t\u0159eba souhlasu z\u00e1konn\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Av\u0161ak, pokud nezletil\u00fd uplatn\u00ed n\u00e1rok na zru\u0161en\u00ed, je v praxi \u010dasto obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 pro podnikatele ov\u011b\u0159it tyto skute\u010dnosti. I kdy\u017e byla v podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch pou\u017eit\u00ed placen\u00e9 online slu\u017eby, kterou nezletil\u00fd vyu\u017eil, stanovena relativn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e1 m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stka, zda se jedn\u00e1 o &#8220;majetek, kter\u00fd byl povolen k dispozici&#8221;, z\u00e1vis\u00ed na okolnostech mezi z\u00e1konn\u00fdm z\u00e1stupcem a nezletil\u00fdm, a je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 to ur\u010dit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V \u010dl\u00e1nku 6 ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku (japonsk\u00fd Ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk) je uvedeno:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>Ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk (Povolen\u00ed obchodn\u00ed \u010dinnosti nezletil\u00fdch) \u010dl\u00e1nek 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1 Nezletil\u00fd, kter\u00e9mu byla povolena jedna nebo v\u00edce druh\u016f obchodn\u00ed \u010dinnosti, m\u00e1 stejnou pr\u00e1vn\u00ed zp\u016fsobilost jako dosp\u011bl\u00fd v souvislosti s touto \u010dinnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Tedy, pokud jde o majetkov\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s povolenou obchodn\u00ed \u010dinnost\u00ed, nelze jej zru\u0161it na z\u00e1klad\u011b toho, \u017ee je nezletil\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V \u010dl\u00e1nku 753 ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku (japonsk\u00fd Ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk) je uvedeno:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>Ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk (Dos\u00e1hnut\u00ed plnoletosti s\u0148atkem) \u010dl\u00e1nek 753<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kdy\u017e nezletil\u00fd uzav\u0159e man\u017eelstv\u00ed, pova\u017euje se za dosa\u017een\u00ed plnoletosti.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Tedy, i kdy\u017e je nezletil\u00fd \u017eenat\u00fd, nelze zru\u0161it na z\u00e1klad\u011b toho, \u017ee je nezletil\u00fd. Av\u0161ak, \u010dl\u00e1nek 753 ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku bude zru\u0161en s \u00fapravou ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku a sn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm v\u011bku dosp\u011blosti na 1. dubna 2022 (rok 2022 podle gregori\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e) a dosa\u017een\u00ed plnoletosti s\u0148atkem bude zru\u0161eno.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pripad_kdy_nezletily_pouzije_podvod_pri_podavani_zadosti\"><\/span>P\u0159\u00edpad, kdy nezletil\u00fd pou\u017eije podvod p\u0159i pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dosti<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V \u010dl\u00e1nku 21 Japonsk\u00e9ho ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku (Japanese Civil Code) je uvedeno:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>(Podvod ze strany osoby s omezenou pr\u00e1vn\u00ed zp\u016fsobilost\u00ed k jedn\u00e1n\u00ed) \u010cl\u00e1nek 21<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kdy\u017e osoba s omezenou pr\u00e1vn\u00ed zp\u016fsobilost\u00ed k jedn\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017eije podvod k tomu, aby vzbudila dojem, \u017ee je osobou s plnou pr\u00e1vn\u00ed zp\u016fsobilost\u00ed k jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, nem\u016f\u017ee sv\u016fj \u010din vz\u00edt zp\u011bt.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>V ob\u010dansk\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u00edku se lhan\u00ed ozna\u010duje jako &#8220;podvod&#8221;. Pokud nezletil\u00fd pou\u017eije &#8220;podvod&#8221; k tomu, aby u obchodn\u00edho partnera vzbudil dojem, \u017ee je dosp\u011bl\u00fd nebo \u017ee m\u00e1 souhlas z\u00e1konn\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupce, nem\u016f\u017ee tento nezletil\u00fd sv\u00e9 projevy v\u016fle vz\u00edt zp\u011bt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;Pou\u017eit\u00ed podvodu&#8221; se nevztahuje pouze na p\u0159\u00edpady, kdy osoba s omezenou pr\u00e1vn\u00ed zp\u016fsobilost\u00ed k jedn\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017eije aktivn\u00ed strategii k tomu, aby u druh\u00e9 strany vzbudila dojem, \u017ee je osobou s plnou pr\u00e1vn\u00ed zp\u016fsobilost\u00ed k jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. Zahrnuje tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady, kdy osoba s omezenou pr\u00e1vn\u00ed zp\u016fsobilost\u00ed k jedn\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017eije b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je dosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed k tomu, aby oklamala druhou stranu, a t\u00edm vyvolala nebo pos\u00edlila jej\u00ed omyl (rozsudek Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu ze dne 13. \u00fanora 1969).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nap\u0159\u00edklad, p\u0159i elektronick\u00e9 smlouv\u011b, kdy\u017e je \u017eadatel po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n, aby na obrazovce zadal sv\u00e9 datum narozen\u00ed (nebo v\u011bk), a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nezletil\u00fdch je zobrazena zpr\u00e1va, \u017ee &#8220;je nutn\u00e9 z\u00edskat souhlas rodi\u010d\u016f&#8221;, a je zaji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee je z\u00edsk\u00e1n souhlas rodi\u010d\u016f, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo tomu, \u017ee by nezletil\u00fd vstoupil do obchodu bez souhlasu rodi\u010d\u016f. P\u0159esto nezletil\u00fd zad\u00e1 fale\u0161n\u00e9 datum narozen\u00ed (nebo v\u011bk), a v d\u016fsledku toho podnikatel myln\u011b pova\u017euje druhou stranu za dosp\u011blou. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee nezletil\u00fd &#8220;pou\u017eil podvod&#8221;, a pokud je mo\u017en\u00e9 hodnotit, \u017ee nezletil\u00fd &#8220;pou\u017eil podvod&#8221;, je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee tento nezletil\u00fd ztrat\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na zru\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Av\u0161ak, zda byl &#8220;pou\u017eit podvod&#8221; nebo ne, nelze rozhodnout pouze na z\u00e1klad\u011b skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee byla zobrazena zpr\u00e1va a byly zad\u00e1ny fale\u0161n\u00e9 \u00fadaje. Rozhodnut\u00ed nen\u00ed zalo\u017eeno pouze na skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee nezletil\u00fd zad\u00e1v\u00e1 datum narozen\u00ed (nebo v\u011bk) jako dosp\u011bl\u00fd, ale na tom, zda je mo\u017en\u00e9 \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee \u00famysln\u00e9 fale\u0161n\u00e9 zad\u00e1n\u00ed nezletil\u00e9ho je &#8220;\u010din dostate\u010dn\u00fd k oklam\u00e1n\u00ed&#8221; jin\u00e9 osoby, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se zohled\u0148uj\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed skute\u010dnosti, a rozhodnut\u00ed je u\u010din\u011bno z hlediska podstaty na z\u00e1klad\u011b celkov\u00e9ho posouzen\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch okolnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, kdy je jednodu\u0161e po\u017eadov\u00e1no kliknut\u00ed na tla\u010d\u00edtko &#8220;Ano&#8221; na ot\u00e1zku &#8220;Jste dosp\u011bl\u00fd?&#8221; nebo kdy\u017e jsou v obchodn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch uvedeny pouze informace, \u017ee &#8220;v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nezletil\u00fdch je nutn\u00fd souhlas z\u00e1konn\u00e9ho z\u00e1stupce&#8221;, je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee je mo\u017en\u00e9 to zru\u0161it (tj. nepova\u017euje se to za podvod).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/corporate\/points-of-user-policy-secondhalf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/monolith.law\/corporate\/points-of-user-policy-secondhalf[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/underage-e-commerce-cancel-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-43007\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Po_zruseni_elektronickeho_obchodu_nezletilymi\"><\/span>Po zru\u0161en\u00ed elektronick\u00e9ho obchodu nezletil\u00fdmi<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud je elektronick\u00e1 smlouva uzav\u0159en\u00e1 nezletil\u00fdm zru\u0161ena, pova\u017euje se smlouva za neplatnou od sam\u00e9ho za\u010d\u00e1tku. Nezletil\u00fd je smlouvou zav\u00e1z\u00e1n k platb\u011b ceny, zat\u00edmco podnikatel je zav\u00e1z\u00e1n k poskytnut\u00ed slu\u017eby (p\u0159i prodeji zbo\u017e\u00ed k p\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00ed zbo\u017e\u00ed). Pokud v\u0161ak obchod nebyl proveden, ob\u011b tyto povinnosti zanikaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud byl obchod proveden, ob\u011b strany jsou povinny vr\u00e1tit zisk, kter\u00fd z\u00edskaly, druh\u00e9 stran\u011b, co\u017e je povinnost obnovit p\u016fvodn\u00ed stav.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>Ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk (Povinnost obnovit p\u016fvodn\u00ed stav) \u010cl\u00e1nek 121, odstavec 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1 Osoba, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ijala pln\u011bn\u00ed dluhu na z\u00e1klad\u011b neplatn\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, je povinna obnovit p\u016fvodn\u00ed stav druh\u00e9 strany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3 Bez ohledu na ustanoven\u00ed odstavce 1, osoba, kter\u00e1 v dob\u011b jedn\u00e1n\u00ed nem\u011bla schopnost jednat, je povinna vr\u00e1tit, ale pouze do m\u00edry, v jak\u00e9 skute\u010dn\u011b z\u00edskala zisk z tohoto jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. Tot\u00e9\u017e plat\u00ed pro osoby, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly v dob\u011b jedn\u00e1n\u00ed omezenou schopnost jednat.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Podnikatel je povinen vr\u00e1tit cenu, ale pokud se na platb\u011b ceny pod\u00edlej\u00ed jin\u00ed platebn\u00ed poskytovatel\u00e9 ne\u017e p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 strany elektronick\u00e9 smlouvy, jako jsou kreditn\u00ed karty nebo oper\u00e1to\u0159i mobiln\u00edch telefon\u016f, vztahy s platebn\u00edm poskytovatelem po zru\u0161en\u00ed elektronick\u00e9 smlouvy se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed obsahem smlouvy mezi poskytovatelem kreditn\u00ed karty a dr\u017eitelem karty, oper\u00e1torem mobiln\u00edho telefonu a dr\u017eitelem smlouvy o mobiln\u00edm telefonu atd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nezletil\u00fd je povinen vr\u00e1tit zbo\u017e\u00ed, pokud ho p\u0159ijal, ale rozsah povinnosti nezletil\u00e9ho vr\u00e1tit se omezuje na m\u00edru, v jak\u00e9 skute\u010dn\u011b z\u00edskal zisk (rozsah existuj\u00edc\u00edho zisku). Proto, pokud nezletil\u00fd obdr\u017eel slu\u017ebu ve form\u011b poskytnut\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00edho majetku, jako je digit\u00e1ln\u00ed obsah, je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee jako povinnost obnovit p\u016fvodn\u00ed stav, nezletil\u00fd nebude moci tento informa\u010dn\u00ed majetek d\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edvat a podnikatel, kter\u00fd poskytuje placen\u00e9 slu\u017eby, m\u016f\u017ee po\u017eadovat, aby nezletil\u00fd tento informa\u010dn\u00ed majetek vymazal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Av\u0161ak, pokud nap\u0159\u00edklad nezletil\u00fd uzav\u0159el smlouvu s \u00famyslem ji zru\u0161it od sam\u00e9ho za\u010d\u00e1tku, p\u0159ijal a vyu\u017eil zbo\u017e\u00ed a pot\u00e9 ji zru\u0161il, co\u017e zp\u016fsobilo podnikateli \u0161kodu, jako je pokles hodnoty zbo\u017e\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee vzniknout odpov\u011bdnost nezletil\u00e9ho za \u0161kodu na z\u00e1klad\u011b protipr\u00e1vn\u00edho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed (Ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk, \u010dl\u00e1nek 709). I kdy\u017e nezletil\u00fd zp\u016fsob\u00ed podnikateli \u0161kodu, pokud nezletil\u00fd nem\u00e1 odpov\u011bdnost, nezletil\u00fd nenese odpov\u011bdnost za protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed (Ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk, \u010dl\u00e1nek 712). Av\u0161ak, rodi\u010de nebo jin\u00ed dozorci mohou n\u00e9st odpov\u011bdnost za protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed v d\u016fsledku poru\u0161en\u00ed dozorov\u00e9 povinnosti (Ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk, \u010dl\u00e1nek 714). Dokonce i kdy\u017e nezletil\u00fd m\u00e1 odpov\u011bdnost, pokud je uzn\u00e1no, \u017ee existuje p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinn\u00fd vztah mezi poru\u0161en\u00edm dozorov\u00e9 povinnosti rodi\u010d\u016f a protipr\u00e1vn\u00edm jedn\u00e1n\u00edm dan\u00e9ho nezletil\u00e9ho a \u0161kodou zp\u016fsobenou podnikateli, dozorovatel m\u016f\u017ee n\u00e9st odpov\u011bdnost za \u0161kodu (Ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk, \u010dl\u00e1nek 709, Rozsudek Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu ze dne 22. b\u0159ezna 1974).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Shrnuti\"><\/span>Shrnut\u00ed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Japonsk\u00fd ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk (Minp\u014d) chr\u00e1n\u00ed osoby s omezenou pr\u00e1vn\u00ed zp\u016fsobilost\u00ed, jako jsou nezletil\u00e9 osoby nebo dosp\u011bl\u00e9 osoby pod dohledem. U nezletil\u00fdch osob je ochrana zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b siln\u00e1, tak\u017ee podnikatel\u00e9 mus\u00ed jednat opatrn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nav\u00edc, v d\u016fsledku zm\u011bny ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku se v\u011bk dosp\u011blosti sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed na 18 let od 1. dubna 2022 (rok 2022 podle gregori\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e). Po sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v\u011bku dosp\u011blosti budou mlad\u00ed dosp\u011bl\u00ed ve v\u011bku od 18 do 19 let vy\u0148ati z mo\u017enosti zru\u0161en\u00ed nezletilosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Uvod_do_opatreni_nasi_kancelare\"><\/span>\u00davod do opat\u0159en\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159e<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pr\u00e1vnick\u00e1 kancel\u00e1\u0159 Monolis je pr\u00e1vnick\u00e1 kancel\u00e1\u0159 s vysokou odbornost\u00ed v oblasti IT, zejm\u00e9na internetu a pr\u00e1va. S poklesem v\u011bku dosp\u011blosti je nutn\u00e9 p\u0159ehodnotit r\u016fzn\u00e9 smlouvy. Na\u0161e kancel\u00e1\u0159 se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 tvorbou a reviz\u00ed smluv pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady, od spole\u010dnost\u00ed uveden\u00fdch na tokijsk\u00e9 burze (Tokyo Stock Exchange Prime) a\u017e po startupy. Pokud m\u00e1te probl\u00e9my se smlouvami, pros\u00edm, pod\u00edvejte se na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/contractcreation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/monolith.law\/contractcreation[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jak je posuzov\u00e1no, kdy\u017e nezletil\u00fd \u017eadatel o elektronick\u00fd obchod tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee chce zru\u0161it svou \u017e\u00e1dost? Co se t\u00fd\u010de smluv nezletil\u00fdch, \u010dl\u00e1nek 5 odstavec 1 a 2 Japonsk\u00e9ho ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku (Japonsk\u00fd ob\u010dans [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":64049,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[25,24],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61606"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61606"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61606\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":64050,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61606\/revisions\/64050"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/64049"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61606"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61606"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61606"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}