{"id":64516,"date":"2024-07-25T20:34:49","date_gmt":"2024-07-25T11:34:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/?p=64516"},"modified":"2024-07-28T13:23:34","modified_gmt":"2024-07-28T04:23:34","slug":"trade-law-article-301","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/trade-law-article-301","title":{"rendered":"Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed pozad\u00ed zaveden\u00ed americk\u00e9ho \u201eSuper 301 \u010dl\u00e1nku\u201c, kter\u00e9 by japonsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti m\u011bly zn\u00e1t"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Jedn\u00edm z hlavn\u00edch obchodn\u00edch partner\u016f Japonska jsou Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty americk\u00e9, kter\u00e9 v roce 1974 (\u0160\u00f3wa 49) p\u0159ijaly \u010dl\u00e1nek 301 obchodn\u00edho z\u00e1kona a v minulosti proti Japonsku zavedly obchodn\u00ed sankce. Prohlouben\u00ed porozum\u011bn\u00ed tomu, jak\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed sankce Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty uplatnily, je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro podniky, kter\u00e9 pl\u00e1nuj\u00ed rozv\u00edjet sv\u00e9 aktivity ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech v budoucnu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek vysv\u011btluje pozad\u00ed p\u0159ijet\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nku 301 obchodn\u00edho z\u00e1kona a Super 301 a vztahy mezi Japonskem a Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty. Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed z\u00e1stupci firem, kter\u00e9 uva\u017euj\u00ed o expanzi do Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, by si jej rozhodn\u011b m\u011bli p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_53 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/trade-law-article-301\/#Super_301_clanek_pridany_k_Obchodnimu_zakonu_cl_301\" title=\"Super 301 \u010dl\u00e1nek p\u0159idan\u00fd k Obchodn\u00edmu z\u00e1konu \u010dl. 301\">Super 301 \u010dl\u00e1nek p\u0159idan\u00fd k Obchodn\u00edmu z\u00e1konu \u010dl. 301<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/trade-law-article-301\/#Cilem_Super_301_je_naprava_systematickych_obchodnich_praktik\" title=\"C\u00edlem Super 301 je n\u00e1prava systematick\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch praktik\">C\u00edlem Super 301 je n\u00e1prava systematick\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch praktik<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/trade-law-article-301\/#Japonsko_je_zemi_podlehajici_Super_301\" title=\"Japonsko je zem\u00ed podl\u00e9haj\u00edc\u00ed Super 301\">Japonsko je zem\u00ed podl\u00e9haj\u00edc\u00ed Super 301<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/trade-law-article-301\/#Shrnuti_Jeden_z_pravnich_predpisu_ktere_byste_meli_pochopit_jako_zaklad_mezinarodniho_podnikani\" title=\"Shrnut\u00ed: Jeden z pr\u00e1vn\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f, kter\u00e9 byste m\u011bli pochopit jako z\u00e1klad mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho podnik\u00e1n\u00ed\">Shrnut\u00ed: Jeden z pr\u00e1vn\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f, kter\u00e9 byste m\u011bli pochopit jako z\u00e1klad mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho podnik\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/trade-law-article-301\/#Predstaveni_opatreni_nasi_kancelare\" title=\"P\u0159edstaven\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159e\">P\u0159edstaven\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159e<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Super_301_clanek_pridany_k_Obchodnimu_zakonu_cl_301\"><\/span>Super 301 \u010dl\u00e1nek p\u0159idan\u00fd k Obchodn\u00edmu z\u00e1konu \u010dl. 301<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/americaflag.jpg\" alt=\"Americk\u00e1 vlajka\" class=\"wp-image-64381\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u010cl\u00e1nek 301 Obchodn\u00edho z\u00e1kona je jedn\u00edm z ustanoven\u00ed americk\u00e9ho Komplexn\u00edho obchodn\u00edho z\u00e1kona. Byl zaveden s c\u00edlem odstranit bari\u00e9ry pro jednotliv\u00e9 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 odv\u011btv\u00ed. Americk\u00fd \u00fa\u0159ad pro obchodn\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed (URTR) prov\u00e1d\u00ed vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed a rozhoduje o tom, zda je obchod nespravedliv\u00fd, a v takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jedn\u00e1 s dot\u010denou zem\u00ed. Pokud se probl\u00e9m nepoda\u0159\u00ed vy\u0159e\u0161it jedn\u00e1n\u00edm, m\u016f\u017ee prezident zav\u00e9st sank\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, jako je zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed cel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na druhou stranu, Super 301 \u010dl\u00e1nek je jedn\u00edm z ustanoven\u00ed americk\u00e9ho Z\u00e1kona o komplexn\u00edm obchodu a konkurenceschopnosti z roku 1998 (1998). Super 301 \u010dl\u00e1nek je vn\u00edm\u00e1n jako pos\u00edlen\u00e1 verze \u010dl\u00e1nku 301 Obchodn\u00edho z\u00e1kona a stanovuje postupy pro uvalen\u00ed sankc\u00ed na zem\u011b, kter\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed nespravedlivou obchodn\u00ed politiku, s c\u00edlem vynutit si \u00fastupky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Americk\u00fd \u00fa\u0159ad pro obchodn\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed (URTR) identifikuje zem\u011b s nespravedliv\u00fdmi obchodn\u00edmi praktikami a nadm\u011brn\u00fdmi celn\u00edmi bari\u00e9rami a vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1 o jejich odstran\u011bn\u00ed. Pokud se situace nepoda\u0159\u00ed napravit vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm, jsou zavedena opat\u0159en\u00ed, jako je zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed cel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cilem_Super_301_je_naprava_systematickych_obchodnich_praktik\"><\/span>C\u00edlem Super 301 je n\u00e1prava systematick\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch praktik<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/america-charts.jpg\" alt=\"C\u00edlem je n\u00e1prava systematick\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch praktik\" class=\"wp-image-64383\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Super 301 m\u00e1 za c\u00edl identifikovat zem\u011b, kter\u00e9 uplat\u0148uj\u00ed nespravedliv\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed politiky, a prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sank\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed je p\u0159im\u011bt k \u00fastupk\u016fm. Byl zaveden zejm\u00e9na pro agresivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obchodn\u00ed politiku v\u016f\u010di zem\u00edm s obchodn\u00edm p\u0159ebytkem, v\u010detn\u011b Japonska.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Super 301 tak\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u011b souvis\u00ed s tvrd\u00fdm postojem v obchodn\u00edch ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch b\u011bhem administrativy prezidenta Trumpa (2017\u20132021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kv\u016fli poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1v du\u0161evn\u00edho vlastnictv\u00ed \u010c\u00ednou do\u0161lo k poklesu hlavn\u00edch ekonomick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f, kter\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed situaci v americk\u00e9m v\u00fdrobn\u00edm sektoru. Prezident Trump zes\u00edlil sv\u016fj tvrd\u00fd postoj t\u00edm, \u017ee na zhruba 60 % exportn\u00edch produkt\u016f zavedl dodate\u010dn\u00e9 clo a\u017e 25 %, aby eliminoval obchodn\u00ed deficit. Udr\u017een\u00ed dodate\u010dn\u00fdch cel na \u010dl\u00e1nek 301 a dal\u0161\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00edch ze strany administrativy prezidenta Bidena, kter\u00e1 nastoupila v lednu 2021, bylo tak\u00e9 zam\u011b\u0159eno na protiopat\u0159en\u00ed v\u016f\u010di \u010c\u00edn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Av\u0161ak, vysok\u00e1 cla na americk\u00e9 produkty ze strany \u010c\u00edny a nutnost firem, kter\u00e9 si vybudovaly sv\u00e9 dodavatelsk\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzce v zahrani\u010d\u00ed, p\u0159ehodnotit sv\u00e9 strategie, vedly k rostouc\u00edmu odporu uvnit\u0159 Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japonsko_je_zemi_podlehajici_Super_301\"><\/span>Japonsko je zem\u00ed podl\u00e9haj\u00edc\u00ed Super 301<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/japan-america-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"Japonsko je zem\u00ed podl\u00e9haj\u00edc\u00ed Super 301\" class=\"wp-image-64384\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>V roce 1989 (Heisei 1) Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty americk\u00e9 pou\u017eily Super 301 k omezen\u00ed obchodu s Japonskem v oblastech superpo\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f, um\u011bl\u00fdch satelit\u016f a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u0159eva. Japonsko p\u0159ijalo r\u016fzn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed jako reakci na americk\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed omezen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159i n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b premi\u00e9ra Kiichi Miyazawy ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech v dubnu 1993 (Heisei 5) se nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm t\u00e9matem jedn\u00e1n\u00ed s prezidentem Clintonem stala nerovnov\u00e1ha v japonsko-americk\u00e9m obchodu. Prezident Clinton siln\u011b po\u017eadoval sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed p\u0159ebytku, av\u0161ak Japonsko, kter\u00e9 bylo dlouhodob\u011b tr\u00e1peno poklesem mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed konkurenceschopnosti kv\u016fli japonsko-americk\u00fdm obchodn\u00edm t\u0159enic\u00edm a siln\u00e9mu jenu, pokra\u010dovalo moud\u0159e v opat\u0159en\u00edch k udr\u017een\u00ed japonsko-americk\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch t\u0159enic a siln\u00e9ho jenu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Shrnuti_Jeden_z_pravnich_predpisu_ktere_byste_meli_pochopit_jako_zaklad_mezinarodniho_podnikani\"><\/span>Shrnut\u00ed: Jeden z pr\u00e1vn\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f, kter\u00e9 byste m\u011bli pochopit jako z\u00e1klad mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho podnik\u00e1n\u00ed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/japan-americabusiness.jpg\" alt=\"Shrnut\u00ed: Jeden z pr\u00e1vn\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f, kter\u00e9 byste m\u011bli pochopit jako z\u00e1klad mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho podnik\u00e1n\u00ed\" class=\"wp-image-64385\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Amerika se sna\u017e\u00ed vyhnout obchodn\u00edmu deficitu a v\u016f\u010di sv\u00fdm obchodn\u00edm partner\u016fm zav\u00e1d\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 politiky, v\u010detn\u011b zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed cel. Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 porozum\u011bt politick\u00e9mu pozad\u00ed obchodu mezi Japonskem a USA prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f jako Trade Act 301 (Americk\u00fd z\u00e1kon o obchodu 301) nebo Super 301.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Krom\u011b toho, v z\u00e1vislosti na v\u00fdsledc\u00edch prezidentsk\u00fdch voleb v roce 2024 (2024), se o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed cel, v\u010detn\u011b tarif\u016f podle \u010dl\u00e1nku 301. Japonsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e9 zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed dod\u00e1vky a v\u00fdrobu z \u010c\u00edny a rozv\u00edjej\u00ed sv\u00e9 podnik\u00e1n\u00ed v USA, by mohly \u010delit dal\u0161\u00edm vysok\u00fdm cl\u016fm, a proto je nutn\u00e9 pe\u010dliv\u011b sledovat v\u00fdvoj prezidentsk\u00fdch voleb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Predstaveni_opatreni_nasi_kancelare\"><\/span>P\u0159edstaven\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159e<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159 Monolith m\u00e1 bohat\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti v oblasti IT, zejm\u00e9na internetu, a pr\u00e1va. V posledn\u00edch letech se glob\u00e1ln\u00ed podnik\u00e1n\u00ed neust\u00e1le roz\u0161i\u0159uje a pot\u0159eba pr\u00e1vn\u00edho p\u0159ezkumu odborn\u00edky st\u00e1le roste. Na\u0161e kancel\u00e1\u0159 poskytuje \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v oblasti mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Specializace pr\u00e1vn\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159e Monolith: <a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/global-jpn2fgn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo a zahrani\u010dn\u00ed podnik\u00e1n\u00ed[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jedn\u00edm z hlavn\u00edch obchodn\u00edch partner\u016f Japonska jsou Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty americk\u00e9, kter\u00e9 v roce 1974 (\u0160\u00f3wa 49) p\u0159ijaly \u010dl\u00e1nek 301 obchodn\u00edho z\u00e1kona a v minulosti proti Japonsku zavedly obchodn\u00ed sankce. Prohl [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":64589,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[25,42,24],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/64516"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=64516"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/64516\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":64590,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/64516\/revisions\/64590"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/64589"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=64516"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=64516"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=64516"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}