{"id":66505,"date":"2025-10-08T16:08:36","date_gmt":"2025-10-08T07:08:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/?p=66505"},"modified":"2025-10-15T05:14:29","modified_gmt":"2025-10-14T20:14:29","slug":"company-bankruptcy-procedure-japan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/company-bankruptcy-procedure-japan","title":{"rendered":"Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed insolven\u010dn\u00edho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v japonsk\u00e9m obchodn\u00edm z\u00e1kon\u00edku"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Podnik\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee n\u011bkdy \u010delit v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm finan\u010dn\u00edm pot\u00ed\u017e\u00edm. Japonsk\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed syst\u00e9m poskytuje sofistikovan\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed r\u00e1mec, kter\u00fd je navr\u017een nejen pro ukon\u010den\u00ed podnik\u00e1n\u00ed jako takov\u00e9ho, ale pro uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed t\u011bchto krizov\u00fdch situac\u00ed. Tento r\u00e1mec se d\u011bl\u00ed na dv\u011b strategick\u00e9 sm\u011bry. Prvn\u00ed je &#8220;likvida\u010dn\u00ed&#8221; postup, jeho\u017e c\u00edlem je uspo\u0159\u00e1dat aktiva spole\u010dnosti a spravedliv\u011b je rozd\u011blit mezi v\u011b\u0159itele. Druh\u00fdm je &#8220;reorganiza\u010dn\u00ed&#8221; postup, kter\u00fd p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed podnik\u00e1n\u00ed a zam\u011b\u0159uje se na finan\u010dn\u00ed a organiza\u010dn\u00ed restrukturalizaci s c\u00edlem obnovy. Tyto pr\u00e1vn\u00ed postupy lze pova\u017eovat za strategickou sadu n\u00e1stroj\u016f, kter\u00e1 by m\u011bla b\u00fdt vybr\u00e1na v z\u00e1vislosti na situaci spole\u010dnosti. Pro akcion\u00e1\u0159e a mana\u017eery je hlubok\u00e9 porozum\u011bn\u00ed t\u011bmto mo\u017enostem nezbytn\u00e9 pro ochranu hodnoty spole\u010dnosti v krizov\u00fdch situac\u00edch, pro \u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 pln\u011bn\u00ed povinnost\u00ed spr\u00e1vce a pro informovan\u00e9 a p\u0159esn\u00e9 rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek poskytuje odborn\u00fd pohled na celkov\u00fd obraz japonsk\u00e9ho insolven\u010dn\u00edho pr\u00e1va, porovn\u00e1v\u00e1 a analyzuje hlavn\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i pr\u00e1vn\u00ed postupy &#8211; bankrot, zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed likvidaci, civiln\u00ed rehabilitaci a reorganizaci spole\u010dnosti &#8211; s ohledem na jejich charakteristiky, rozd\u00edly a zach\u00e1zen\u00ed se zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi pr\u00e1vy, a to v\u010detn\u011b ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch soudn\u00edch rozhodnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_53 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/company-bankruptcy-procedure-japan\/#Celkovy_prehled_japonskych_insolvencnich_rizeni\" title=\"Celkov\u00fd p\u0159ehled japonsk\u00fdch insolven\u010dn\u00edch \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\">Celkov\u00fd p\u0159ehled japonsk\u00fdch insolven\u010dn\u00edch \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/company-bankruptcy-procedure-japan\/#Likvidacni_insolvencni_rizeni_v_Japonsku_Jak_probiha_likvidace_aktiv_spolecnosti\" title=\"Likvida\u010dn\u00ed insolven\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v Japonsku: Jak prob\u00edh\u00e1 likvidace aktiv spole\u010dnosti\">Likvida\u010dn\u00ed insolven\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v Japonsku: Jak prob\u00edh\u00e1 likvidace aktiv spole\u010dnosti<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/company-bankruptcy-procedure-japan\/#Bankrotni_rizeni_podle_japonskeho_prava\" title=\"Bankrotn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed podle japonsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va\">Bankrotn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed podle japonsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/company-bankruptcy-procedure-japan\/#Specialni_likvidacni_rizeni_podle_japonskeho_prava\" title=\"Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed likvida\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed podle japonsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va\">Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed likvida\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed podle japonsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/company-bankruptcy-procedure-japan\/#Porovnani_bankrotu_a_zvlastni_likvidace_podle_japonskeho_prava\" title=\"Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed bankrotu a zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed likvidace podle japonsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va\">Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed bankrotu a zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed likvidace podle japonsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/company-bankruptcy-procedure-japan\/#Reorganizacni_insolvencni_rizeni_v_Japonsku_Cilem_je_obnova_podnikani\" title=\"Reorganiza\u010dn\u00ed insolven\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v Japonsku: C\u00edlem je obnova podnik\u00e1n\u00ed\">Reorganiza\u010dn\u00ed insolven\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v Japonsku: C\u00edlem je obnova podnik\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/company-bankruptcy-procedure-japan\/#Postup_civilni_rehabilitace_podle_japonskeho_prava\" title=\"Postup civiln\u00ed rehabilitace podle japonsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va\">Postup civiln\u00ed rehabilitace podle japonsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/company-bankruptcy-procedure-japan\/#Postupy_pro_sanaci_spolecnosti_podle_japonskeho_prava\" title=\"Postupy pro sanaci spole\u010dnosti podle japonsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va\">Postupy pro sanaci spole\u010dnosti podle japonsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/company-bankruptcy-procedure-japan\/#Porovnani_civilni_rehabilitace_a_reorganizace_spolecnosti_podle_japonskeho_prava\" title=\"Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed civiln\u00ed rehabilitace a reorganizace spole\u010dnosti podle japonsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va\">Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed civiln\u00ed rehabilitace a reorganizace spole\u010dnosti podle japonsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/company-bankruptcy-procedure-japan\/#Zachazeni_s_zajistenymi_pravy_v_insolvencnim_rizeni_v_Japonsku\" title=\"Zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi pr\u00e1vy v insolven\u010dn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v Japonsku\">Zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi pr\u00e1vy v insolven\u010dn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v Japonsku<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/company-bankruptcy-procedure-japan\/#Pravo_na_oddelene_uspokojeni\" title=\"Pr\u00e1vo na odd\u011blen\u00e9 uspokojen\u00ed\">Pr\u00e1vo na odd\u011blen\u00e9 uspokojen\u00ed<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/company-bankruptcy-procedure-japan\/#Pravo_na_rehabilitaci\" title=\"Pr\u00e1vo na rehabilitaci\">Pr\u00e1vo na rehabilitaci<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/company-bankruptcy-procedure-japan\/#Porovnani_zachazeni_se_zajistenymi_pravy_v_ruznych_rizenich\" title=\"Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed zach\u00e1zen\u00ed se zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi pr\u00e1vy v r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u0159\u00edzen\u00edch\">Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed zach\u00e1zen\u00ed se zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi pr\u00e1vy v r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u0159\u00edzen\u00edch<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/company-bankruptcy-procedure-japan\/#Predstaveni_nedavnych_soudnich_rozhodnuti\" title=\"P\u0159edstaven\u00ed ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch soudn\u00edch rozhodnut\u00ed\">P\u0159edstaven\u00ed ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch soudn\u00edch rozhodnut\u00ed<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/general-corporate\/company-bankruptcy-procedure-japan\/#Shrnuti\" title=\"Shrnut\u00ed\">Shrnut\u00ed<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Celkovy_prehled_japonskych_insolvencnich_rizeni\"><\/span>Celkov\u00fd p\u0159ehled japonsk\u00fdch insolven\u010dn\u00edch \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Japonsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo stanov\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i hlavn\u00ed typy insolven\u010dn\u00edch \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 prob\u00edhaj\u00ed pod dohledem soud\u016f. Tyto postupy jsou nejprve rozd\u011bleny podle sv\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010delu na dv\u011b kategorie. Prvn\u00ed je &#8220;likvida\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed&#8221;, jeho\u017e c\u00edlem je zastavit podnikatelskou \u010dinnost spole\u010dnosti a zru\u0161it jej\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed osobnost, co\u017e zahrnuje bankrotov\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed likvida\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Druh\u00e1 kategorie je &#8220;reorganiza\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed&#8221;, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 za c\u00edl rekonstruovat spole\u010dnost p\u0159i zachov\u00e1n\u00ed jej\u00edho podnik\u00e1n\u00ed, a sem pat\u0159\u00ed civiln\u00ed rehabilita\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed o sanaci spole\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00e1le lze tyto postupy klasifikovat podle toho, kdo \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vede. Jedn\u00e1 se o &#8220;spr\u00e1vcovsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed&#8221;, kde neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed odborn\u00edk (spr\u00e1vce) jmenovan\u00fd soudem p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1 kontrolu nad \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm spole\u010dnosti a spr\u00e1vou jej\u00edho majetku. Bankrotov\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed o sanaci spole\u010dnosti pat\u0159\u00ed do t\u00e9to kategorie. Druh\u00fd typ je &#8220;DIP \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed&#8221; (Debtor in Possession), kde v z\u00e1sad\u011b st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed veden\u00ed spole\u010dnosti udr\u017euje kontrolu nad podnik\u00e1n\u00edm a samo prov\u00e1d\u00ed reorganizaci nebo likvidaci. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed likvida\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a civiln\u00ed rehabilita\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed spadaj\u00ed do t\u00e9to kategorie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tato dvoj\u00ed klasifikace, tedy v\u00fdb\u011br mezi &#8220;likvida\u010dn\u00edm nebo reorganiza\u010dn\u00edm&#8221; \u00fa\u010delem a mezi &#8220;spr\u00e1vcovsk\u00fdm nebo DIP&#8221; typem \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, jasn\u011b ukazuje strategick\u00fd dilema, kter\u00e9mu \u010del\u00ed spole\u010dnosti v krizi. V\u00fdb\u011br \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nen\u00ed jen ot\u00e1zkou pr\u00e1vn\u00ed formy, ale zahrnuje tak\u00e9 mana\u017eersk\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed o \u017eivotaschopnosti podniku a z\u00e1sadn\u00ed volbu, zda si ponechat kontrolu nad veden\u00edm. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, pokud spole\u010dnost usiluje o reorganizaci a veden\u00ed si p\u0159eje udr\u017eet kontrolu, m\u016f\u017ee si vybrat civiln\u00ed rehabilitaci, ale pokud v\u011b\u0159itel\u00e9 nebo soud rozhodnou, \u017ee st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed veden\u00ed nese odpov\u011bdnost za selh\u00e1n\u00ed v \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zvoleno \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed o sanaci spole\u010dnosti s jmenov\u00e1n\u00edm extern\u00edho spr\u00e1vce. Proto mus\u00ed veden\u00ed spole\u010dnosti objektivn\u011b hodnotit nejen finan\u010dn\u00ed \u017eivotaschopnost sv\u00e9ho podniku, ale tak\u00e9 d\u016fv\u011bru, kterou mu projevuj\u00ed jeho stakeholde\u0159i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Likvidacni_insolvencni_rizeni_v_Japonsku_Jak_probiha_likvidace_aktiv_spolecnosti\"><\/span>Likvida\u010dn\u00ed insolven\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v Japonsku: Jak prob\u00edh\u00e1 likvidace aktiv spole\u010dnosti<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Likvida\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je zam\u011b\u0159eno na situace, kdy je pro spole\u010dnost obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 pokra\u010dovat v podnik\u00e1n\u00ed, a m\u00e1 za c\u00edl pr\u00e1vn\u011b ukon\u010dit spole\u010dnost t\u00edm, \u017ee jej\u00ed aktiva prom\u011bn\u00ed v pen\u011b\u017en\u00ed prost\u0159edky a tyto n\u00e1sledn\u011b spravedliv\u011b rozd\u011bl\u00ed mezi v\u011b\u0159itele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bankrotni_rizeni_podle_japonskeho_prava\"><\/span>Bankrotn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed podle japonsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Bankrotn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je zalo\u017eeno na japonsk\u00e9m z\u00e1konu o bankrotu a p\u0159edstavuje nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed likvida\u010dn\u00ed proces. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdch osob m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zah\u00e1jeno rozhodnut\u00edm soudu, pokud je uzn\u00e1na &#8220;neschopnost platby&#8221; (objektivn\u00ed stav, kdy dlu\u017en\u00edk nem\u016f\u017ee obecn\u011b a trvale spl\u00e1cet sv\u00e9 dluhy, kter\u00e9 jsou splatn\u00e9) podle \u010dl\u00e1nku 15 japonsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1konu o bankrotu, nebo &#8220;p\u0159ev\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed dluh\u016f nad majetek&#8221; (stav, kdy dlu\u017en\u00edk nem\u016f\u017ee sv\u00e9 dluhy uhradit ze sv\u00e9ho majetku) podle \u010dl\u00e1nku 16 t\u00e9ho\u017e z\u00e1kona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Po zah\u00e1jen\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jmenuje soud z \u0159ad neutr\u00e1ln\u00edch advok\u00e1t\u016f &#8220;bankrotn\u00edho spr\u00e1vce&#8221;. Podle \u010dl\u00e1nku 2 odstavce 12 japonsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1konu o bankrotu m\u00e1 bankrotn\u00ed spr\u00e1vce v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo spravovat a disponovat majetkem spole\u010dnosti. T\u00edmto ztr\u00e1c\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed veden\u00ed spole\u010dnosti ve\u0161ker\u00e1 pr\u00e1va k \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a dispozici s majetkem, a bankrotn\u00ed spr\u00e1vce prov\u00e1d\u00ed celou \u0159adu likvida\u010dn\u00edch \u00fakon\u016f, jako je zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, prom\u011bna majetku ve finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky a distribuce v\u011b\u0159itel\u016fm podle pr\u00e1vn\u00edch priorit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jednou z hlavn\u00edch charakteristik tohoto \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je, \u017ee k jeho zah\u00e1jen\u00ed nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba souhlas v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f. Pokud soud uzn\u00e1 objektivn\u00ed stav \u00fapadku, \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed postupuje nucen\u011b. Toto je navr\u017eeno tak, aby v situac\u00edch, kdy je mezi v\u011b\u0159iteli siln\u00fd konflikt nebo kdy je ztracena d\u016fv\u011bra ve veden\u00ed spole\u010dnosti, mohl neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed t\u0159et\u00ed strana zas\u00e1hnout a obnovit po\u0159\u00e1dek a spravedliv\u011b chr\u00e1nit z\u00e1jmy v\u0161ech v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f. Bankrotn\u00edmu spr\u00e1vci je tak\u00e9 ud\u011bleno siln\u00e9 opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed &#8220;pr\u00e1vo odm\u00edtnut\u00ed&#8221;, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uje zneplatnit nespravedliv\u00e9 transakce proveden\u00e9 p\u0159ed zah\u00e1jen\u00edm bankrotn\u00edho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a zaji\u0161\u0165uje princip rovnosti v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f. Proto je bankrotn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pova\u017eov\u00e1no za posledn\u00ed mo\u017enost, kdy\u017e jin\u00e1 kooperativn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nejsou mo\u017en\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Specialni_likvidacni_rizeni_podle_japonskeho_prava\"><\/span>Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed likvida\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed podle japonsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed likvida\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je podle \u010dl\u00e1nku 510 a n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch japonsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona o spole\u010dnostech jednoduch\u00fd likvida\u010dn\u00ed proces, kter\u00fd je dostupn\u00fd pouze pro akciov\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. Tento proces za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 t\u00edm, \u017ee spole\u010dnost se rozpust\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho usnesen\u00ed valn\u00e9 hromady a pot\u00e9 vstoup\u00ed do b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho likvida\u010dn\u00edho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se spust\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b podez\u0159en\u00ed na p\u0159ev\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1vazk\u016f nad aktiva nebo jin\u00fdch v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek v pr\u016fb\u011bhu likvidace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na rozd\u00edl od bankrotov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je proces \u0159\u00edzen ne soudem jmenovan\u00fdm spr\u00e1vcem, ale &#8216;likvid\u00e1torem&#8217; spole\u010dnosti. Likvid\u00e1tor je \u010dasto b\u00fdval\u00fd \u010dlen p\u0159edstavenstva a proces se tak st\u00e1v\u00e1 DIP (Debtor in Possession) typem \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kde veden\u00ed spole\u010dnosti udr\u017euje ur\u010ditou kontrolu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>J\u00e1drem tohoto procesu je dosa\u017een\u00ed dohody s v\u011b\u0159iteli. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b se to d\u011bje schv\u00e1len\u00edm pl\u00e1nu spl\u00e1cen\u00ed, kter\u00fd se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 &#8216;dohoda&#8217;, na shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f, nebo uzav\u0159en\u00edm &#8216;sm\u00edru&#8217; s jednotliv\u00fdmi v\u011b\u0159iteli. Pro schv\u00e1len\u00ed dohody je pot\u0159eba souhlas v\u011bt\u0161iny hlasuj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdch a souhlasu zastupuj\u00edc\u00edho v\u00edce ne\u017e dv\u011b t\u0159etiny celkov\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed hlasovac\u00edch pr\u00e1v. Jak je z t\u011bchto po\u017eadavk\u016f z\u0159ejm\u00e9, speci\u00e1ln\u00ed likvidace p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 kooperativn\u00ed situaci, kde existuje p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e1 dohoda o likvida\u010dn\u00edm pl\u00e1nu s hlavn\u00edmi v\u011b\u0159iteli. Pokud nen\u00ed dosa\u017eeno souhlasu v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f, proces sel\u017ee a v\u011bt\u0161inou p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed do bankrotov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vzhledem k povaze procesu, kter\u00fd p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 dosa\u017een\u00ed dohody, m\u00e1 speci\u00e1ln\u00ed likvidace v\u00fdhodu rychlej\u0161\u00edho a levn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho dokon\u010den\u00ed ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s bankrotov\u00fdm \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm. Je \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na zejm\u00e9na v p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy mate\u0159sk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost likviduje dce\u0159inou spole\u010dnost, kde je po\u010det v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f omezen\u00fd a kooperativn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Porovnani_bankrotu_a_zvlastni_likvidace_podle_japonskeho_prava\"><\/span>Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed bankrotu a zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed likvidace podle japonsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed tabulka shrnuje hlavn\u00ed rozd\u00edly mezi bankrotn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm a \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm o zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed likvidaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><td>Aspekt<\/td><td>Bankrotn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v Japonsku<\/td><td>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed likvida\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v Japonsku<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed z\u00e1kon<\/td><td>Japonsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon o bankrotu<\/td><td>Japonsk\u00fd obchodn\u00ed z\u00e1kon\u00edk<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Subjekty vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/td><td>V\u0161echny pr\u00e1vnick\u00e9 a fyzick\u00e9 osoby<\/td><td>Pouze akciov\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Subjekt \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/td><td>Bankrotn\u00ed spr\u00e1vce jmenovan\u00fd soudem (spr\u00e1vcovsk\u00fd typ)<\/td><td>Likvid\u00e1tor spole\u010dnosti (DIP typ)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Souhlas v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f<\/td><td>Nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba pro zah\u00e1jen\u00ed<\/td><td>Pot\u0159ebn\u00fd pro schv\u00e1len\u00ed dohody<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Doba trv\u00e1n\u00ed a n\u00e1klady<\/td><td>Obvykle dlouhodob\u00e9 a n\u00e1kladn\u00e9<\/td><td>Obvykle kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 a m\u00e9n\u011b n\u00e1kladn\u00e9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hlavn\u00ed pravomoci<\/td><td>Siln\u00e1 pr\u00e1va odm\u00edtnut\u00ed bankrotn\u00edho spr\u00e1vce<\/td><td>Flexibiln\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00e9 na dohod\u011b s v\u011b\u0159iteli<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reorganizacni_insolvencni_rizeni_v_Japonsku_Cilem_je_obnova_podnikani\"><\/span>Reorganiza\u010dn\u00ed insolven\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v Japonsku: C\u00edlem je obnova podnik\u00e1n\u00ed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Reorganiza\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je zam\u011b\u0159eno na podniky, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed ve finan\u010dn\u00edch pot\u00ed\u017e\u00edch, ale jejich\u017e podnik\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00e1 st\u00e1le hodnotu a existuje mo\u017enost jeho pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed. C\u00edlem je dos\u00e1hnout obnovy t\u011bchto podnik\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Postup_civilni_rehabilitace_podle_japonskeho_prava\"><\/span>Postup civiln\u00ed rehabilitace podle japonsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Postup civiln\u00ed rehabilitace je zalo\u017een na japonsk\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u011b o civiln\u00ed rehabilitaci a jeho c\u00edlem je obnovit podnik\u00e1n\u00ed nebo ekonomick\u00fd \u017eivot dlu\u017en\u00edka. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdhodou tohoto postupu je jeho flexibilita, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje vyu\u017eit\u00ed nejen akciov\u00fdmi spole\u010dnostmi, ale tak\u00e9 spole\u010dnostmi s ru\u010den\u00edm omezen\u00fdm a individu\u00e1ln\u00edmi podnikateli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Z\u00e1sadn\u011b se postup \u0159\u00edd\u00ed modelem DIP (Debtor in Possession), kde st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed management udr\u017euje kontrolu nad podnikem a pokra\u010duje v jeho veden\u00ed, zat\u00edmco s\u00e1m vypracov\u00e1v\u00e1 a realizuje pl\u00e1n reorganizace. \u010cl\u00e1nek 38 odstavec 1 japonsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona o civiln\u00ed rehabilitaci stanov\u00ed, \u017ee po zah\u00e1jen\u00ed rehabilita\u010dn\u00edho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed m\u00e1 dlu\u017en\u00edk pr\u00e1vo prov\u00e1d\u011bt obchodn\u00ed operace a spravovat \u010di disponovat majetkem. Pr\u00e1va akcion\u00e1\u0159\u016f se tak\u00e9 obvykle nem\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Av\u0161ak tento postup m\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed omezen\u00ed, kter\u00fdm je zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s pr\u00e1vy v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f s zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm (p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b finan\u010dn\u00ed instituce). V r\u00e1mci civiln\u00ed rehabilitace maj\u00ed v\u011b\u0159itel\u00e9 s zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm tzv. &#8220;separ\u00e1tn\u00ed pr\u00e1va&#8221; a mohou obvykle bez ohledu na rehabilita\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zajistit a prodat majetek slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed jako z\u00e1ruka (nap\u0159\u00edklad tov\u00e1rny nebo stroje) a uspokojit tak sv\u00e9 pohled\u00e1vky. To znamen\u00e1 riziko ztr\u00e1ty majetku nezbytn\u00e9ho pro pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed podnik\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Proto je pro \u00fasp\u011bch civiln\u00ed rehabilitace v praxi nezbytn\u00e9 vyjednat s hlavn\u00edmi zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi v\u011b\u0159iteli p\u0159ed pod\u00e1n\u00edm n\u00e1vrhu a vybudovat spolupr\u00e1ci, nap\u0159\u00edklad dohodnout odklad uplatn\u011bn\u00ed zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Tento postup vy\u00fast\u00ed v schv\u00e1len\u00ed reorganiza\u010dn\u00edho pl\u00e1nu na shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f, kde je pot\u0159eba z\u00edskat souhlas v\u011bt\u0161iny hlasuj\u00edc\u00edch a sou\u010dasn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161iny celkov\u00e9 hodnoty hlasovac\u00edch pr\u00e1v, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se ur\u010d\u00ed cesta k rekonstrukci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Postupy_pro_sanaci_spolecnosti_podle_japonskeho_prava\"><\/span>Postupy pro sanaci spole\u010dnosti podle japonsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Postupy pro sanaci spole\u010dnosti jsou zalo\u017eeny na japonsk\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u011b o sanaci spole\u010dnost\u00ed a p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dostupn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pro restrukturalizaci. Kv\u016fli sv\u00e9 s\u00edle jsou tyto postupy omezeny pouze na akciov\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti a b\u011b\u017en\u011b se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159i rekonstrukci velk\u00fdch podnik\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tento proces je spr\u00e1vn\u00edho typu a jakmile je zah\u00e1jen, soud okam\u017eit\u011b jmenuje &#8220;sanaci spr\u00e1vce&#8221;, co\u017e vede k odstoupen\u00ed v\u0161ech st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch \u010dlen\u016f veden\u00ed. Ve\u0161ker\u00e1 pr\u00e1va na \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed spole\u010dnosti a spr\u00e1vu majetku se soust\u0159ed\u00ed na sanaci spr\u00e1vce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm rysem postup\u016f pro sanaci spole\u010dnosti je mo\u017enost pozastavit v\u00fdkon pr\u00e1v zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f, co\u017e nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 v r\u00e1mci b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch reorganiza\u010dn\u00edch proces\u016f. Zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u011b\u0159itel\u00e9 nemaj\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na odd\u011blen\u00e9 uspokojen\u00ed a jejich pohled\u00e1vky jsou v r\u00e1mci procesu o\u0161et\u0159eny jako &#8220;sanaci zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 pohled\u00e1vky&#8221;, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt podle sanaci pl\u00e1nu sn\u00ed\u017eeny nebo mohou b\u00fdt odlo\u017eeny jejich platby. Nav\u00edc je mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u00fdrazn\u011b zm\u011bnit pr\u00e1va akcion\u00e1\u0159\u016f, a v mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech doch\u00e1z\u00ed k \u00fapln\u00e9mu sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed kapit\u00e1lu (co\u017e znamen\u00e1 z\u00e1nik v\u0161ech pr\u00e1v st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch akcion\u00e1\u0159\u016f).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Takto postupy pro sanaci spole\u010dnosti radik\u00e1ln\u011b upravuj\u00ed pr\u00e1va v\u0161ech z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdch stran, v\u010detn\u011b zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f a akcion\u00e1\u0159\u016f, a pod veden\u00edm extern\u00edho odborn\u00edka, sanaci spr\u00e1vce, sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed k \u00fapln\u00e9 rekonstrukci podniku. Kv\u016fli sv\u00e9 s\u00edle jsou tyto postupy slo\u017eit\u00e9, n\u00e1kladn\u00e9 a \u010dasov\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9. Pro veden\u00ed spole\u010dnosti to znamen\u00e1 rezignaci na sv\u00e9 pozice, a proto je rozhodnut\u00ed pro tento postup v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm krokem, kter\u00fd vy\u017eaduje ob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00edho postaven\u00ed ve prosp\u011bch z\u00e1chrany podniku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Porovnani_civilni_rehabilitace_a_reorganizace_spolecnosti_podle_japonskeho_prava\"><\/span>Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed civiln\u00ed rehabilitace a reorganizace spole\u010dnosti podle japonsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed tabulka shrnuje hlavn\u00ed rozd\u00edly mezi postupy civiln\u00ed rehabilitace a reorganizace spole\u010dnosti v Japonsku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><td>Aspekt<\/td><td>Civiln\u00ed rehabilitace (Minji Saisei)<\/td><td>Reorganizace spole\u010dnosti (Kaisha Kaisei)<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed z\u00e1kon<\/td><td>Japonsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon o civiln\u00ed rehabilitaci<\/td><td>Japonsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon o reorganizaci spole\u010dnosti<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Subjekty vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed postup<\/td><td>V\u0161echny pr\u00e1vnick\u00e9 osoby a jednotlivci<\/td><td>Pouze akciov\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Subjekt \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/td><td>St\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed management (DIP model)<\/td><td>Osoba jmenovan\u00e1 soudem (spr\u00e1vce reorganizace)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi pr\u00e1vy<\/td><td>Existence pr\u00e1va na odd\u011blen\u00ed (mo\u017enost uplatn\u011bn\u00ed pr\u00e1v mimo postup)<\/td><td>Bez pr\u00e1va na odd\u011blen\u00ed (zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed v r\u00e1mci postupu jako reorganiza\u010dn\u00ed zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pr\u00e1va akcion\u00e1\u0159\u016f<\/td><td>Z\u00e1sadn\u011b se nem\u011bn\u00ed<\/td><td>Mohou b\u00fdt zm\u011bn\u011bna (v\u010detn\u011b 100% sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed kapit\u00e1lu)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hlavn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed<\/td><td>Mal\u00e9 a st\u0159edn\u00ed podniky, p\u0159\u00edpady s o\u010dek\u00e1vanou spoluprac\u00ed se zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi v\u011b\u0159iteli<\/td><td>Velk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, p\u0159\u00edpady vy\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed rekonstrukci<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zachazeni_s_zajistenymi_pravy_v_insolvencnim_rizeni_v_Japonsku\"><\/span>Zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi pr\u00e1vy v insolven\u010dn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v Japonsku<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm jsou zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 pr\u00e1va zach\u00e1zena v insolven\u010dn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, je kriticky d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm bodem, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee rozhodnout o \u00fasp\u011bchu nebo ne\u00fasp\u011bchu cel\u00e9ho procesu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pravo_na_oddelene_uspokojeni\"><\/span>Pr\u00e1vo na odd\u011blen\u00e9 uspokojen\u00ed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pr\u00e1vo na odd\u011blen\u00e9 uspokojen\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u011b\u0159iteli, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo na ur\u010dit\u00e9 majetku, uplatnit toto pr\u00e1vo mimo r\u00e1mec insolven\u010dn\u00edho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a dostat se k uspokojen\u00ed sv\u00fdch n\u00e1rok\u016f p\u0159ed ostatn\u00edmi v\u011b\u0159iteli. Pr\u00e1vn\u00edm z\u00e1kladem pro toto pr\u00e1vo jsou \u010dl\u00e1nek 65 Japonsk\u00e9ho insolven\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1kona a \u010dl\u00e1nek 53 Japonsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona o civiln\u00ed rehabilitaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Existence tohoto pr\u00e1va m\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00fd dopad na pr\u016fb\u011bh \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, pokud se spole\u010dnost sna\u017e\u00ed o civiln\u00ed rehabilitaci a na jej\u00edm kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9m z\u00e1vod\u011b je z\u0159\u00edzena z\u00e1stavn\u00ed pr\u00e1va banky, m\u016f\u017ee banka uplatnit pr\u00e1vo na odd\u011blen\u00e9 uspokojen\u00ed a prodat z\u00e1vod v dra\u017eb\u011b, co\u017e by znemo\u017enilo pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed podnik\u00e1n\u00ed. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, i kdy\u017e pr\u00e1vn\u011b za\u010dne proces civiln\u00ed rehabilitace, bez spolupr\u00e1ce zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho v\u011b\u0159itele je rekonstrukce v praxi nemo\u017en\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Z tohoto d\u016fvodu rozd\u011bluje existence pr\u00e1va na odd\u011blen\u00e9 uspokojen\u00ed insolven\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na dv\u011b \u010d\u00e1sti. Jedna je ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed proces, kter\u00fd pod dohledem soudu sm\u011b\u0159uje k spravedliv\u00e9mu rozd\u011blen\u00ed mezi nezaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159itele. Druh\u00e1 je mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed se zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi v\u011b\u0159iteli, kter\u00e9 prob\u00edh\u00e1 pod povrchem. Pro veden\u00ed spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e9 se rozhodne pro civiln\u00ed rehabilitaci, je z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed &#8220;standstill agreement&#8221; (dohody o do\u010dasn\u00e9m zastaven\u00ed uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch pr\u00e1v) s hlavn\u00edmi finan\u010dn\u00edmi institucemi p\u0159ed pod\u00e1n\u00edm n\u00e1vrhu na \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed absolutn\u00edm p\u0159edpokladem pro \u00fasp\u011bch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pravo_na_rehabilitaci\"><\/span>Pr\u00e1vo na rehabilitaci<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed o spole\u010dnostn\u00ed rehabilitaci nen\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na odd\u011blen\u00e9 uspokojen\u00ed uzn\u00e1v\u00e1no. Jakmile je \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zah\u00e1jeno, ve\u0161ker\u00e9 uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch pr\u00e1v je automaticky zak\u00e1z\u00e1no. Pr\u00e1va zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f se m\u011bn\u00ed na &#8220;pr\u00e1vo na rehabilitaci&#8221; a st\u00e1vaj\u00ed se p\u0159edm\u011btem zm\u011bny pr\u00e1v v r\u00e1mci rehabilita\u010dn\u00edho pl\u00e1nu, stejn\u011b jako ostatn\u00ed pohled\u00e1vky. Pr\u00e1vn\u00edm z\u00e1kladem pro toto je Japonsk\u00fd z\u00e1kon o spole\u010dnostn\u00ed rehabilitaci, kde nap\u0159\u00edklad \u010dl\u00e1nek 2 odstavec 10 definuje pr\u00e1vo na rehabilitaci a \u010dl\u00e1nek 47 zakazuje uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tento mechanismus poskytuje \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed o spole\u010dnostn\u00ed rehabilitaci silnou schopnost rekonstrukce. Zastaven\u00edm individu\u00e1ln\u00edho uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1v v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f a p\u0159iveden\u00edm v\u0161ech z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdch stran (zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f, nezaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f, akcion\u00e1\u0159\u016f) k jednomu stolu m\u016f\u017ee spr\u00e1vce rehabilitace navrhnout komplexn\u00ed pl\u00e1n pro p\u0159epracov\u00e1n\u00ed celkov\u00e9 kapit\u00e1lov\u00e9 struktury spole\u010dnosti. V z\u00e1kladu je my\u0161lenka d\u00e1t p\u0159ednost ve\u0159ejn\u00e9mu z\u00e1jmu na obnovu cel\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti p\u0159ed individu\u00e1ln\u00edmi pr\u00e1vy. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto, \u017ee je povoleno takov\u00e9 siln\u00e9 zasahov\u00e1n\u00ed do osobn\u00edho majetku, jsou stanoveny p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 po\u017eadavky na \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, jako je jmenov\u00e1n\u00ed neutr\u00e1ln\u00edho spr\u00e1vce a p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fd dohled soudu, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo zneu\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Porovnani_zachazeni_se_zajistenymi_pravy_v_ruznych_rizenich\"><\/span>Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed zach\u00e1zen\u00ed se zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi pr\u00e1vy v r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u0159\u00edzen\u00edch<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><td>\u0158\u00edzen\u00ed<\/td><td>Zach\u00e1zen\u00ed se zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi pr\u00e1vy<\/td><td>Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed z\u00e1klad<\/td><td>Dopad na spole\u010dnost a v\u011b\u0159itele<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Insolven\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/td><td>Pr\u00e1vo na odd\u011blen\u00e9 uspokojen\u00ed<\/td><td>\u010cl\u00e1nek 65 Japonsk\u00e9ho insolven\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1kona<\/td><td>V\u011b\u0159itel\u00e9 mohou prodat zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd majetek. Spole\u010dnost riskuje ztr\u00e1tu kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch aktiv.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed likvida\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/td><td>Pr\u00e1vo na odd\u011blen\u00e9 uspokojen\u00ed<\/td><td>Japonsk\u00fd obchodn\u00ed z\u00e1kon (obecn\u00e9 z\u00e1sady)<\/td><td>V\u011b\u0159itel\u00e9 mohou prodat zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd majetek. \u0158\u00edzen\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed na spolupr\u00e1ci v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Civiln\u00ed rehabilita\u010dn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/td><td>Pr\u00e1vo na odd\u011blen\u00e9 uspokojen\u00ed<\/td><td>\u010cl\u00e1nek 53 Japonsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona o civiln\u00ed rehabilitaci<\/td><td>V\u011b\u0159itel\u00e9 mohou prodat zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd majetek. Nezbytn\u00e1 je p\u0159edchoz\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed se zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi v\u011b\u0159iteli.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0158\u00edzen\u00ed o spole\u010dnostn\u00ed rehabilitaci<\/td><td>Pr\u00e1vo na rehabilitaci (bez pr\u00e1va na odd\u011blen\u00e9 uspokojen\u00ed)<\/td><td>\u010cl\u00e1nek 47 a dal\u0161\u00ed Japonsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona o spole\u010dnostn\u00ed rehabilitaci<\/td><td>Uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1v v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f je pozastaveno. Pohled\u00e1vky jsou upraveny v r\u00e1mci pl\u00e1nu. Spole\u010dnost z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010das pro pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed v podnik\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Predstaveni_nedavnych_soudnich_rozhodnuti\"><\/span>P\u0159edstaven\u00ed ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch soudn\u00edch rozhodnut\u00ed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Na poli insolven\u010dn\u00ed praxe se neust\u00e1le objevuj\u00ed nov\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy spojen\u00e9 s interpretac\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f. Zde p\u0159edstavujeme d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu Japonska.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rozhodnut\u00ed Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu ze dne 22. prosince 2021 (2021) se t\u00fdkalo v\u00fdkladu \u010dl\u00e1nku 174 odstavec 2 bod 3 japonsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona o civiln\u00ed obnov\u011b. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek stanov\u00ed, \u017ee pokud bylo rozhodnut\u00ed o reorganiza\u010dn\u00edm pl\u00e1nu p\u0159ijato &#8220;nepoctiv\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem&#8221;, soud nesm\u00ed tento pl\u00e1n schv\u00e1lit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Podstata p\u0159\u00edpadu spo\u010d\u00edvala v tom, \u017ee spr\u00e1vce majetku spole\u010dnosti v civiln\u00ed obnov\u011b uzav\u0159el sm\u00edr s hlavn\u00edm v\u011b\u0159itelem, kter\u00fd m\u011bl v\u00fdznamnou pohled\u00e1vku, aby vy\u0159e\u0161il spor o existenci dluhu. Tento sm\u00edr obsahoval ustanoven\u00ed, \u017ee doty\u010dn\u00fd v\u011b\u0159itel bude hlasovat pro n\u00e1vrh reorganiza\u010dn\u00edho pl\u00e1nu. Ostatn\u00ed v\u011b\u0159itel\u00e9 tvrdili, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o takzvan\u00fd &#8220;n\u00e1kup hlas\u016f&#8221; a \u017ee to odpov\u00edd\u00e1 &#8220;nepoctiv\u00e9mu zp\u016fsobu&#8221;, a po\u017eadovali, aby soud pl\u00e1n neschv\u00e1lil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud Japonska v\u0161ak rozhodl, \u017ee sm\u00edr obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed souhlas s reorganiza\u010dn\u00edm pl\u00e1nem nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt okam\u017eit\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1n za &#8220;nepoctiv\u00fd zp\u016fsob&#8221;. Soud m\u011bl za to, \u017ee je t\u0159eba celkov\u011b zv\u00e1\u017eit \u00famysl a okolnosti uzav\u0159en\u00ed sm\u00edru a zda je obsah sm\u00edru jako celek pro dlu\u017en\u00edka v obnov\u011b (spole\u010dnost) rozumn\u00fd. V dan\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b byl sm\u00edr pova\u017eov\u00e1n za rozumn\u00fd, proto\u017ee vy\u0159e\u0161il slo\u017eit\u00fd spor a p\u0159isp\u011bl k rekonstrukci spole\u010dnosti, a proto nebyl uzav\u0159en pouze s \u00famyslem ovlivnit hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed, a tud\u00ed\u017e nebyl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za &#8220;nepoctiv\u00fd zp\u016fsob&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Toto rozhodnut\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, proto\u017ee potvrzuje realitu vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v insolven\u010dn\u00edch \u0159\u00edzen\u00edch ze strany justice. Pro spr\u00e1vce majetku a veden\u00ed spole\u010dnosti je nezbytn\u00e9 vyjedn\u00e1vat s jednotliv\u00fdmi v\u011b\u0159iteli o \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed spor\u016f, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 vytvo\u0159it v\u011bt\u0161inu pot\u0159ebnou pro schv\u00e1len\u00ed reorganiza\u010dn\u00edho pl\u00e1nu. Toto rozhodnut\u00ed ukazuje, \u017ee takov\u00e9 vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed by nem\u011blo b\u00fdt posuzov\u00e1no pouze na z\u00e1klad\u011b toho, zda obsahuje podm\u00ednku souhlasu s pl\u00e1nem, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e podle toho, zda je dohoda v souladu s opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00fdmi z\u00e1jmy ostatn\u00edch v\u011b\u0159itel\u016f a zda m\u00e1 pro spole\u010dnost obchodn\u00ed opodstatn\u011bn\u00ed. To umo\u017e\u0148uje praktik\u016fm v\u00e9st flexibiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 na n\u011b klade odpov\u011bdnost za vytvo\u0159en\u00ed spravedliv\u00e9 a vysv\u011btliteln\u00e9 dohody pro v\u0161echny v\u011b\u0159itele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Shrnuti\"><\/span>Shrnut\u00ed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Japonsk\u00fd insolven\u010dn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed syst\u00e9m nab\u00edz\u00ed finan\u010dn\u011b krizov\u00fdm spole\u010dnostem dv\u011b z\u00e1kladn\u00ed sm\u011bry &#8211; &#8220;likvidaci&#8221; a &#8220;restrukturalizaci&#8221;, a pro ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich poskytuje n\u011bkolik postup\u016f. Bankrot a zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed likvidace jsou likvida\u010dn\u00ed postupy, kter\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1daj\u00ed aktiva spole\u010dnosti a ukon\u010d\u00ed jej\u00ed \u010dinnost, zat\u00edmco civiln\u00ed rehabilitace a reorganizace spole\u010dnosti jsou postupy restrukturalizace zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed a obnovu podnik\u00e1n\u00ed. Tyto volby \u00fazce souvis\u00ed s rozhodnut\u00edm, kter\u00e9 se dot\u00fdk\u00e1 j\u00e1dra \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed spole\u010dnosti &#8211; zda si udr\u017eet kontrolu nad managementem (DIP model) nebo p\u0159enechat \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm odborn\u00edk\u016fm (spr\u00e1vcovsk\u00fd model). Zejm\u00e9na zach\u00e1zen\u00ed se zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi pr\u00e1vy (existence pr\u00e1va na odd\u011blen\u00ed) je rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edm faktorem, kter\u00fd v\u00fdrazn\u011b ovliv\u0148uje strategickou hodnotu jednotliv\u00fdch postup\u016f. Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 zvl\u00e1dnout tento komplexn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed r\u00e1mec a naj\u00edt optim\u00e1ln\u00ed cestu, je vy\u017eadov\u00e1na nejen hlubok\u00e1 znalost pr\u00e1va, ale tak\u00e9 pokro\u010dil\u00e9 strategick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed a vyjedn\u00e1vac\u00ed schopnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159 Monolith m\u00e1 bohat\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti s poskytov\u00e1n\u00edm rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch pr\u00e1vn\u00edch slu\u017eeb dom\u00e1c\u00edm i mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm klient\u016fm, zejm\u00e9na v oblasti insolven\u010dn\u00edch \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed podle japonsk\u00e9ho obchodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va. V na\u0161\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159i p\u016fsob\u00ed n\u011bkolik odborn\u00edk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed nejen japonskou advok\u00e1tn\u00ed kvalifikaci, ale tak\u00e9 kvalifikaci zahrani\u010dn\u00edch pr\u00e1vn\u00edk\u016f a jsou anglicky mluv\u00edc\u00ed. V komplexn\u00edch insolven\u010dn\u00edch situac\u00edch jsme schopni poskytnout strategick\u00e9 poradenstv\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na maximalizaci pr\u00e1v a z\u00e1jm\u016f managementu a akcion\u00e1\u0159\u016f. Od likvida\u010dn\u00edch postup\u016f po restrukturaliza\u010dn\u00ed postupy jsme p\u0159ipraveni \u010delit v\u0161em situac\u00edm a zajistit pro na\u0161e klienty nejlep\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Pro konzultace t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se pr\u00e1vn\u00edho krizov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se obra\u0165te s d\u016fv\u011brou na na\u0161i kancel\u00e1\u0159.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Podnik\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee n\u011bkdy \u010delit v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm finan\u010dn\u00edm pot\u00ed\u017e\u00edm. Japonsk\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed syst\u00e9m poskytuje sofistikovan\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed r\u00e1mec, kter\u00fd je navr\u017een nejen pro ukon\u010den\u00ed podnik\u00e1n\u00ed jako takov\u00e9ho, ale pro uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":66506,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[24,90],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66505"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=66505"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66505\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":66531,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66505\/revisions\/66531"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/66506"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=66505"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=66505"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=66505"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}