“Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \u00d6deme \u0130ptal Hakk\u0131 Sakl\u0131 \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi”nin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, i\u015fe al\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde iptal hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, tam zamanl\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 i\u015fe alana kadar ge\u00e7en “deneme s\u00fcresi boyunca sakl\u0131 iptal hakk\u0131” ile ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde yorumlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu nedenle, bir i\u015f teklifini iptal etmek i\u00e7in, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan olarak uygun olmayan somut bir gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stermeniz gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nGenellikle, i\u015f teklifi alan bir \u00f6\u011frenci, o \u015firkette \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 umar ve di\u011fer \u015firketlerde i\u015f bulma f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 ve olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 reddeder. Bu nedenle, i\u015f teklifi alan bir \u00f6\u011frencinin durumu, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma durumu farkl\u0131 olsa da, deneme s\u00fcresindeki bir i\u015f\u00e7iden temelde farkl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle, i\u015fe al\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde iptal hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, deneme s\u00fcresi boyunca sakl\u0131 iptal hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde yorumlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yani, i\u015f teklifinin iptal edilmesi i\u00e7in gerek\u00e7e, “i\u015fe al\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde bilinemeyen ve bilinmesi beklenmeyen bir ger\u00e7ek olmal\u0131 ve bu, iptal hakk\u0131n\u0131n sakl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ama\u00e7 ve hedefe g\u00f6re objektif olarak makul ve toplum normlar\u0131na g\u00f6re uygun olarak kabul edilebilir bir \u015fey olmal\u0131d\u0131r.”<\/p>\n Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u0130dari Hukuk Kurumu \u0130\u015f Politikas\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve E\u011fitim Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc “Model Mahkeme \u00d6rne\u011fi B\u00fcy\u00fck Japonya Bask\u0131 Olay\u0131 (2) Karar\u0131n \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fi” <\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\nBir dava durumunda, i\u015f teklifinin iptal edilmesinin uygunlu\u011fu objektif olarak de\u011ferlendirilir. Deneme s\u00fcresi boyunca yap\u0131lan i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karmalar, normal i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karmalara k\u0131yasla daha geni\u015f bir kapsamda i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne izin verilir ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki durumlar i\u015f teklifinin iptal edilmesinin kabul edilebilir oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nBa\u015fvuru belgelerinde yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 bilgiler varsa ve bu, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan olarak uygun olmayan bir durum oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131ksa<\/li>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015f teklifi alan ki\u015fi okulu bitiremediyse (\u203b \u0130\u015fe al\u0131m\u0131n mezuniyeti \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durumlar)<\/li>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015f teklifi alan ki\u015fi sa\u011fl\u0131k nedeniyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015famaz durumdaysa<\/li>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015f teklifi alan ki\u015fi bir su\u00e7 i\u015flemi\u015fse<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Tip 2. \u0130\u015fverenin Durumuna Ba\u011fl\u0131 “\u0130\u015ften \u00c7\u0131karma”<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nYeni tip koronavir\u00fcs\u00fcn yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n sonucunda i\u015fletme durumunun k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmesi ve i\u015f teklifini kabul eden ki\u015finin i\u015f teklifinin iptal edilmesi durumunda, bu durum, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin i\u015fveren taraf\u0131ndan “i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma” olarak kabul edilir ve Japon \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi Yasas\u0131’n\u0131n 16. maddesi uygulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Madde 16 (\u0130\u015ften \u00c7\u0131karma)
“\u0130\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma”n\u0131n, objektif ve mant\u0131kl\u0131 bir nedeni olmas\u0131 ve toplumun genel kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerine g\u00f6re adil kabul edilmesi i\u00e7in, “d\u00fczenleme i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131” ile ayn\u0131 gereklilikleri kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
“D\u00fczenleme i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131”, i\u015f\u00e7inin hi\u00e7bir sorumlulu\u011fu olmayan ve i\u015fverenin sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 gereken i\u015fletme nedenleriyle yap\u0131lan i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karmad\u0131r ve i\u015fverenin “i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma”y\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirirken i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma hakk\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131l\u0131p kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dikkatlice incelemesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u015eu anda, Showa d\u00f6neminin 50. y\u0131llar\u0131nda (1975-1985) neredeyse kesinle\u015fmi\u015f olan \u00f6nceki emsal kararlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma hakk\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131l\u0131p kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki d\u00f6rt kriterin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131p kar\u015f\u0131lanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/span>Personel Azaltman\u0131n “\u0130\u015fletme Gereklili\u011fi”<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\nHi\u00e7 kimsenin \u00f6ng\u00f6remedi\u011fi yeni tip koronavir\u00fcs\u00fcn yay\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucunda, i\u015fletme durumu k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmi\u015f ve i\u015flerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fclmesi veya iflas olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 durumunda, normal i\u015fletme zorluklar\u0131na k\u0131yasla “i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma”n\u0131n gereklili\u011fi ve mant\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcksektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/span>\u0130\u015fverenin Yeterli “\u0130\u015ften \u00c7\u0131karma Ka\u00e7\u0131nma \u00c7abas\u0131”<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\nPersonel azaltma son \u00e7are olmal\u0131d\u0131r ve bu nedenle, i\u015fe ba\u015flama zaman\u0131n\u0131 ertelemek veya y\u00f6netim maliyetlerini azaltmak i\u00e7in maa\u015f veya gider kesintileri gibi y\u00f6ntemlerle i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karman\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ancak, k\u00fcresel yeni tip koronavir\u00fcs salg\u0131n\u0131 beklenenden daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ilerledi ve acil durum ilan\u0131 gibi ilk kez deneyimlenen durumlarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131nd\u0131 ve i\u015f teklifinin kabul edilmesinden i\u015fe ba\u015flamaya kadar olan k\u0131sa s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma ka\u00e7\u0131nma \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 pratik olarak zordu ve bu durum dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/span>\u0130\u015ften \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lanlar\u0131n “Se\u00e7im Rasyonalitesi”<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\nMevcut \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar ve i\u015f teklifini kabul edenler aras\u0131nda, i\u015f performans\u0131 ve yeniden i\u015fe al\u0131nma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi konularda farkl\u0131l\u0131klar vard\u0131r ve i\u015fverenin mevcut \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeyi tercih ederek deneyimsiz i\u015f teklifini kabul edenlerin i\u015f teklifini iptal etmesi mant\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ayr\u0131ca, t\u00fcm i\u015f teklifini kabul edenler yerine belirli i\u015f teklifini kabul edenlere i\u015f teklifi iptali uygulan\u0131rsa, belirli i\u015f teklifini kabul edenleri se\u00e7me nedenine objektif bir mant\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/span>\u0130\u015ften \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lmayanlarla Yap\u0131lan G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin ve Di\u011fer Prosed\u00fcrlerin “A\u00e7\u0131klama ve G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc”<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\u0130\u015f teklifini iptal etme durumunda, i\u015fverenin tek tarafl\u0131 olarak hareket etmesi i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma hakk\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir, bu nedenle i\u015f teklifini kabul edenlere \u00f6nceden a\u00e7\u0131klama ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ne kadar ani bir i\u015fletme k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmesi olursa olsun, i\u015f teklifini kabul edenlere d\u00fcr\u00fcst\u00e7e mevcut i\u015fletme durumu ve gelecekteki beklentileri a\u00e7\u0131klamak, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc istifa taleplerini toplamak veya maddi tazminat teklif etmek gibi, i\u015f teklifini kabul edenlerin zarar g\u00f6rmemesi i\u00e7in ilerlemesi \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/span>D\u00fczenleme \u0130\u015ften \u00c7\u0131karmas\u0131 \u0130le \u0130lgili Yarg\u0131 Kararlar\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\nD\u00fczenleme i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131 ile ilgili olarak i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karman\u0131n ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011funa karar verilen \u00f6nceki yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131n\u0131 birka\u00e7 tanesini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da sunuyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\u0130\u015fin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fclmesini gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6steren i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma, personel azaltma gereklili\u011fi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131ld\u0131: FuruSawa E\u011fitim Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Davas\u0131 (Hiroshima Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme, Heisei 14 (2002), 24 Nisan, \u0130\u015f Mahkemesi 849, Sayfa 140)<\/li>\n\n\n\n \u00c7ocuk say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 nedeniyle, hem\u015firelere y\u00f6nelik yap\u0131lan i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc istifa talepleri gibi prosed\u00fcrlerin uygulanmadan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131ld\u0131: Asahi Kre\u015fi Davas\u0131 (En Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme, Showa 58 (1983), 27 Ekim, \u0130\u015f Mahkemesi 427, Sayfa 63)<\/li>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015fletme krizi alt\u0131ndaki d\u00fczenleme i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131, d\u00fczenleme kriterlerinin mant\u0131kl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7i sendikas\u0131 ile yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131ld\u0131: Takamatsu Heavy Machinery Davas\u0131 (Takamatsu District Court, Heisei 10 (1998), 2 Haziran, \u0130\u015f Mahkemesi 751, Sayfa 63)<\/li>\n\n\n\n Zarar eden b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle yap\u0131lan i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma, ilgili zarar eden b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn kapat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n gereklili\u011fi kabul edildi, ancak prosed\u00fcrlerin uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131ld\u0131: International Credit Sales Davas\u0131 (Tokyo District Court, Heisei 14 (2002), 9 Temmuz, \u0130\u015f Mahkemesi 836, Sayfa 104)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n