{"id":74103,"date":"2025-07-31T20:24:21","date_gmt":"2025-07-31T11:24:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/?p=74103"},"modified":"2025-09-26T00:00:14","modified_gmt":"2025-09-25T15:00:14","slug":"representative-director-japan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/representative-director-japan","title":{"rendered":"Japonya \u015eirket Hukukunda Temsilci Direkt\u00f6r: Atama, Yetkiler ve Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Japonya&#8217;daki \u015firket y\u00f6netiminde, temsilci direkt\u00f6rler son derece \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamaktad\u0131r. Onlar sadece \u015firketin y\u00f6netimini \u00fcstlenmekle kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda hukuken \u015firketi temsil eder ve d\u0131\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fck y\u00fcz\u00fc olurlar. Japon \u015eirketler Hukuku (Japanese Companies Act) \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, temsilci direkt\u00f6rlerin atanmas\u0131, geni\u015f yetkileri, \u015firkete kar\u015f\u0131 olan y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri ve sorumluluklar\u0131 kat\u0131 bir \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bu hukuki y\u00f6nleri derinlemesine anlamak, Japonya&#8217;da i\u015f yapman\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Temsilci direkt\u00f6rler, \u015firketin i\u015flerini y\u00fcr\u00fctme kararlar\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r ve di\u011fer direkt\u00f6rlerin i\u015flerini denetlerken, y\u00f6netim kurulunun g\u00f6revlerini yerine getirmede merkezi bir rol oynarlar. Onlar\u0131n eylemleri, \u015firketin hukuki durumu, finansal durumu ve itibar\u0131 \u00fczerinde do\u011frudan etkiler yarat\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, s\u00f6zle\u015fme imzalama, dava y\u00fcr\u00fctme, \u00f6nemli y\u00f6netim kararlar\u0131 gibi, \u015firketin g\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u015flerinden stratejik karar almaya kadar geni\u015f bir yetki alan\u0131na sahiptirler. Bu yetkilerin geni\u015fli\u011fi, ayn\u0131 zamanda temsilci direkt\u00f6rlerin \u015firkete kar\u015f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck ve sorumluluklar\u0131 da beraberinde getirir. \u0130yi y\u00f6netim ve sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri gibi temel y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, rekabetten ka\u00e7\u0131nma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u015flemlerinin s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 gibi, \u015firket ile temsilci direkt\u00f6rler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in \u00f6zel d\u00fczenlemeler de bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin ihlali, \u015firkete veya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slara kar\u015f\u0131 tazminat sorumlulu\u011funa yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu makalede, Japon \u015eirketler Hukuku alt\u0131nda temsilci direkt\u00f6rlerin atanma prosed\u00fcrlerinden, yetkilerinin somut s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na, ayr\u0131ca \u015firkete kar\u015f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler ve bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin ihlal edilmesi durumunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sorumluluklara kadar detayl\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle, iyi niyetli \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slara kar\u015f\u0131 temsil yetkisinin s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, y\u00f6netim kararlar\u0131 ilkesi ve sadece ismen olan temsilci direkt\u00f6rlerin sorumlulu\u011fu gibi, pratikte \u00f6nemli olan konular ve ilgili Japon yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131na da odaklan\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, Japon \u015firket y\u00f6netiminde temsilci direkt\u00f6rlerin hukuki stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve \u00f6nemine dair anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 derinle\u015ftirmeyi hedefliyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_53 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/representative-director-japan\/#Japonya%E2%80%99da_Temsilci_Direktorun_Secimi_ve_Statusu\" title=\"Japonya&#8217;da Temsilci Direkt\u00f6r\u00fcn Se\u00e7imi ve Stat\u00fcs\u00fc\">Japonya&#8217;da Temsilci Direkt\u00f6r\u00fcn Se\u00e7imi ve Stat\u00fcs\u00fc<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/representative-director-japan\/#Atama_Yontemi\" title=\"Atama Y\u00f6ntemi\">Atama Y\u00f6ntemi<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/representative-director-japan\/#Temsil_Yetkisinin_Kapsami\" title=\"Temsil Yetkisinin Kapsam\u0131\">Temsil Yetkisinin Kapsam\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/representative-director-japan\/#Japonya%E2%80%99da_Temsil_Yetkisinin_Sinirlanmasi_ve_Iyi_Niyetli_Ucuncu_Sahislar\" title=\"Japonya&#8217;da Temsil Yetkisinin S\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve \u0130yi Niyetli \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015eah\u0131slar\">Japonya&#8217;da Temsil Yetkisinin S\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve \u0130yi Niyetli \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015eah\u0131slar<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/representative-director-japan\/#Japonya%E2%80%99da_Temsilci_Direktorun_Yukumlulukleri\" title=\"Japonya&#8217;da Temsilci Direkt\u00f6r\u00fcn Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri\">Japonya&#8217;da Temsilci Direkt\u00f6r\u00fcn Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/representative-director-japan\/#Japonya%E2%80%99da_Sirketlere_Karsi_Gorev_ve_Iyi_Yonetim_Sorumlulugu\" title=\"Japonya&#8217;da \u015eirketlere Kar\u015f\u0131 G\u00f6rev ve \u0130yi Y\u00f6netim Sorumlulu\u011fu\">Japonya&#8217;da \u015eirketlere Kar\u015f\u0131 G\u00f6rev ve \u0130yi Y\u00f6netim Sorumlulu\u011fu<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/representative-director-japan\/#Sadakat_Yukumlulugu\" title=\"Sadakat Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\">Sadakat Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/representative-director-japan\/#Japonya%E2%80%99da_Rekabetten_Kacinma_Yukumlulugu_ve_Cikar_Catismasi_Islemlerinin_Sinirlanmasi\" title=\"Japonya&#8217;da Rekabetten Ka\u00e7\u0131nma Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve \u00c7\u0131kar \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u0130\u015flemlerinin S\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131\">Japonya&#8217;da Rekabetten Ka\u00e7\u0131nma Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve \u00c7\u0131kar \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u0130\u015flemlerinin S\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/representative-director-japan\/#Yonetim_Karar_Ilkesi\" title=\"Y\u00f6netim Karar \u0130lkesi\">Y\u00f6netim Karar \u0130lkesi<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/representative-director-japan\/#Japonya%E2%80%99da_Diger_Yoneticilere_Karsi_Gozetim_Yukumlulugu\" title=\"Japonya&#8217;da Di\u011fer Y\u00f6neticilere Kar\u015f\u0131 G\u00f6zetim Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\">Japonya&#8217;da Di\u011fer Y\u00f6neticilere Kar\u015f\u0131 G\u00f6zetim Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/representative-director-japan\/#Japonya%E2%80%99da_Temsilci_Direktorun_Sirkete_Karsi_Tazminat_Sorumlulugu\" title=\"Japonya&#8217;da Temsilci Direkt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u015eirkete Kar\u015f\u0131 Tazminat Sorumlulu\u011fu\">Japonya&#8217;da Temsilci Direkt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u015eirkete Kar\u015f\u0131 Tazminat Sorumlulu\u011fu<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/representative-director-japan\/#Rekabet_Eden_Islemler_Durumunda\" title=\"Rekabet Eden \u0130\u015flemler Durumunda\">Rekabet Eden \u0130\u015flemler Durumunda<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/representative-director-japan\/#Cikar_Catismasi_Olan_Islemler_Durumunda\" title=\"\u00c7\u0131kar \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 Olan \u0130\u015flemler Durumunda\">\u00c7\u0131kar \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 Olan \u0130\u015flemler Durumunda<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/representative-director-japan\/#Denetim_Komitesi_Kuruluslarinda_Ozel_Durum\" title=\"Denetim Komitesi Kurulu\u015flar\u0131nda \u00d6zel Durum\">Denetim Komitesi Kurulu\u015flar\u0131nda \u00d6zel Durum<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/representative-director-japan\/#Japonya%E2%80%99da_Temsilci_Yonetim_Kurulu_Baskaninin_Ucuncu_Sahislara_Karsi_Tazminat_Sorumlulugu\" title=\"Japonya&#8217;da Temsilci Y\u00f6netim Kurulu Ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015eah\u0131slara Kar\u015f\u0131 Tazminat Sorumlulu\u011fu\">Japonya&#8217;da Temsilci Y\u00f6netim Kurulu Ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015eah\u0131slara Kar\u015f\u0131 Tazminat Sorumlulu\u011fu<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/representative-director-japan\/#Japon_Sirketler_Hukuku_Madde_429%E2%80%99un_1_Fikrasina_Gore_Sorumluluk\" title=\"Japon \u015eirketler Hukuku Madde 429&#8217;un 1. F\u0131kras\u0131na G\u00f6re Sorumluluk\">Japon \u015eirketler Hukuku Madde 429&#8217;un 1. F\u0131kras\u0131na G\u00f6re Sorumluluk<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/representative-director-japan\/#Nominal_Temsilci_Yonetim_Kurulu_Baskaninin_Sorumlulugu\" title=\"Nominal Temsilci Y\u00f6netim Kurulu Ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n Sorumlulu\u011fu\">Nominal Temsilci Y\u00f6netim Kurulu Ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n Sorumlulu\u011fu<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/representative-director-japan\/#Ozet\" title=\"\u00d6zet\">\u00d6zet<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japonya%E2%80%99da_Temsilci_Direktorun_Secimi_ve_Statusu\"><\/span>Japonya&#8217;da Temsilci Direkt\u00f6r\u00fcn Se\u00e7imi ve Stat\u00fcs\u00fc<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Japon \u015firket hukuku \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde temsilci direkt\u00f6r\u00fcn stat\u00fcs\u00fc, \u015firketin t\u00fcr\u00fcne ve i\u00e7 yap\u0131s\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak se\u00e7im y\u00f6ntemi ve yetki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Atama_Yontemi\"><\/span>Atama Y\u00f6ntemi<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Japonya&#8217;daki bir \u015firkette temsilci direkt\u00f6r\u00fcn atama y\u00f6ntemi, \u015firketin bir y\u00f6netim kurulu olu\u015fturup olu\u015fturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterir. Y\u00f6netim kurulu olan \u015firketlerde, temsilci direkt\u00f6r y\u00f6netim kurulunun karar\u0131yla se\u00e7ilir. Y\u00f6netim kurulu, t\u00fcm direkt\u00f6rlerden olu\u015fur ve temsilci direkt\u00f6r\u00fcn se\u00e7imi ve g\u00f6revden al\u0131nmas\u0131 gibi g\u00f6revleri yerine getirir. Bu atama s\u00fcreci, \u015firketin i\u015f y\u00fcr\u00fctmesini denetleyen en \u00fcst d\u00fczey sorumluyu se\u00e7en, \u015firket y\u00f6netiminin karar alma organ\u0131 olan y\u00f6netim kurulunun, kurumsal y\u00f6netimin temelini olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6te yandan, y\u00f6netim kurulu olmayan \u015firketlerde, temsilci direkt\u00f6r\u00fcn atamas\u0131 daha esnek bir y\u00f6ntemle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. \u00d6zellikle, \u015firket ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde temsilci direkt\u00f6r\u00fcn atanmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir h\u00fck\u00fcm koymak, ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine dayanarak direkt\u00f6rlerin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 se\u00e7imiyle atama yapmak veya genel kurul karar\u0131yla direkt\u00f6rler aras\u0131ndan se\u00e7im yapmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu farkl\u0131l\u0131k, Japon \u015firketler hukukunun \u015firketin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ve \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 y\u00f6netim yap\u0131lar\u0131na izin vermesinin bir sonucudur. Yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar veya i\u015fletmeciler Japonya&#8217;da \u015firket kurarken, \u00f6ncelikle tercih ettikleri kurumsal y\u00f6netim yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131 esast\u0131r. Atama s\u00fcrecinin yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 veya uygun olmayan uygulanmas\u0131, temsilci direkt\u00f6r\u00fcn eylemlerinin me\u015fruiyetine \u015f\u00fcphe d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilir ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin veya di\u011fer hukuki i\u015flemlerin ge\u00e7ersiz olma ihtimalini do\u011furabilir. Bu nedenle, kurulu\u015f a\u015famas\u0131nda uygun prosed\u00fcrlerin uygulanmas\u0131 son derece \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Temsil_Yetkisinin_Kapsami\"><\/span>Temsil Yetkisinin Kapsam\u0131<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir anonim \u015firketin y\u00f6netim kurulu ba\u015fkan\u0131, \u015firketin t\u00fcm yarg\u0131sal ve yarg\u0131sal olmayan i\u015flemlerini yapma yetkisine sahiptir. Bu, y\u00f6netim kurulu ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n \u015firketin hukuki bir varl\u0131k olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6rmesi ve \u015firket ad\u0131na geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 i\u015flemler yapabilmesi anlam\u0131na gelir. Japon \u015eirketler Kanunu&#8217;nun (2005) 349. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131, y\u00f6netim kurulunun anonim \u015firketi temsil etti\u011fini belirtirken, bir y\u00f6netim kurulu ba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ildi\u011finde, bu temsil yetkisi yaln\u0131zca y\u00f6netim kurulu ba\u015fkan\u0131na aittir. Ayr\u0131ca, birden fazla y\u00f6netim kurulu ba\u015fkan\u0131 atanm\u0131\u015f olsa bile, her bir y\u00f6netim kurulu ba\u015fkan\u0131 \u015firketi tek ba\u015f\u0131na temsil etme tam yetkisine sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8216;T\u00fcm yarg\u0131sal ve yarg\u0131sal olmayan i\u015flemler&#8217; ifadesi, bu yetkinin \u00e7ok geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Bu geni\u015f yetki, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n Japonya&#8217;daki \u015firketlerle i\u015flem yaparken, \u015firketin i\u00e7 onay s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde inceleme ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rarak, kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flar. Bu durum, ticari i\u015flemlerin sorunsuz bir \u015fekilde ilerlemesini beklenir. Ancak, ayn\u0131 zamanda, bu geni\u015f yetki y\u00f6netim kurulu ba\u015fkan\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fcven ve sorumluluk y\u00fckler. Bu nedenle, \u015firketin, y\u00f6netim kurulu ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n yetkilerinin potansiyel k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in, y\u00f6netim kurulu ve hissedarlar taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131k\u0131 i\u00e7 kontrol ve aktif denetim mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 kurmas\u0131 hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japonya%E2%80%99da_Temsil_Yetkisinin_Sinirlanmasi_ve_Iyi_Niyetli_Ucuncu_Sahislar\"><\/span>Japonya&#8217;da Temsil Yetkisinin S\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve \u0130yi Niyetli \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015eah\u0131slar<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Japonya&#8217;daki bir \u015firketin temsilci direkt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn yetkileri geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 olsa da, \u015firketin ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi veya y\u00f6netim kurulu kararlar\u0131 ile i\u00e7sel olarak s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar getirilebilir. Ancak, Japon \u015eirketler Kanunu&#8217;nun (2005) 349. maddesinin 5. f\u0131kras\u0131, bu t\u00fcr temsilci direkt\u00f6r yetkilerine getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n, bu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalardan haberdar olmayan iyi niyetli \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slara kar\u015f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclemeyece\u011fini belirtir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, i\u015flemlerin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini korumak ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n \u015firketlerle g\u00fcven i\u00e7inde i\u015f yapabilmesini sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla konulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6rne\u011fin, bir \u015firketin temsilci direkt\u00f6r\u00fc, y\u00f6netim kurulunun onay\u0131n\u0131 almadan bankadan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir miktar para \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, banka bu onay\u0131n eksikli\u011finden haberdar de\u011filse veya haberdar olabilecek durumda de\u011filse, bu \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 alma i\u015flemi \u015firkete kar\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7erli olacakt\u0131r. Bu durum, Japon \u015eirketler Kanunu&#8217;nun \u015firket i\u00e7 y\u00f6netiminden ziyade ticari i\u015flemlerin ak\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fine \u00f6ncelik verdi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yine de, iyi niyetli \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ilkesi mutlak de\u011fildir. Yeni hisse \u00e7\u0131karma veya birle\u015fme gibi, \u015firketin genel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 temelden etkileyen i\u015flemler s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, Japon \u015eirketler Kanunu hissedarlar kurulu karar\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lar. Hissedarlar kurulu karar\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n temsilci direkt\u00f6r yeni hisse \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015flemini y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcrse, bu \u00e7\u0131karma genellikle ge\u00e7erli kabul edilirken, birle\u015fme i\u015flemleri genellikle ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131l\u0131r. Bu fark, temel i\u015flemlerle \u015firketin temelini sarsan \u00f6nemli kurumsal eylemler aras\u0131nda, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n neyi do\u011frulamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi konusunda beklenen standartlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Bu nedenle, yabanc\u0131 \u015firketler Japonya&#8217;daki \u015firketlerle bu t\u00fcr b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli i\u015flemler yaparken, temsilci direkt\u00f6r\u00fcn yetkilerini do\u011frulaman\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, hissedarlar kurulu kararlar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi konularda daha kapsaml\u0131 bir due diligence yapmalar\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca, temsilci direkt\u00f6r \u015firket ad\u0131na de\u011fil, kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u015flem yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bu temsil yetkisinin k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 olarak kabul edilir. Japon yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131, bu t\u00fcr durumlarda Japon Medeni Kanunu&#8217;nun (1896) 93. maddesinin istisna h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc (mental reservation) benzer durumlara uygular. Bu ilkeye g\u00f6re, i\u015flemin kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131 temsilci direkt\u00f6r\u00fcn ger\u00e7ek niyetini biliyorsa veya bilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse, bu i\u015flem \u015firket i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olmaz; ancak kar\u015f\u0131 taraf iyi niyetli ve kusursuzsa, i\u015flemin etkisi \u015firkete ait olur (Yarg\u0131tay 1963 y\u0131l\u0131 5 Eyl\u00fcl karar\u0131). Bu hukuki muamele, \u015firketin i\u00e7sel sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015far\u0131daki iyi niyetli \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slara haks\u0131z dezavantajlar yaratmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7indir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japonya%E2%80%99da_Temsilci_Direktorun_Yukumlulukleri\"><\/span>Japonya&#8217;da Temsilci Direkt\u00f6r\u00fcn Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Temsilci direkt\u00f6r, geni\u015f yetkileri do\u011frultusunda, \u015firkete kar\u015f\u0131 bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fcstlenmektedir. Bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler, \u015firketin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 i\u015fleyi\u015fi ve kar korumas\u0131 i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japonya%E2%80%99da_Sirketlere_Karsi_Gorev_ve_Iyi_Yonetim_Sorumlulugu\"><\/span>Japonya&#8217;da \u015eirketlere Kar\u015f\u0131 G\u00f6rev ve \u0130yi Y\u00f6netim Sorumlulu\u011fu<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Japon \u015firketler hukuku alt\u0131nda, y\u00f6netim kurulu \u00fcyeleri \u015firketten g\u00f6revlendirme al\u0131r ve g\u00f6revlerini yerine getirirken &#8216;iyi bir y\u00f6neticinin dikkat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc&#8217; (iyi y\u00f6netim sorumlulu\u011fu) ta\u015f\u0131r (Japon \u015eirketler Kanunu&#8217;nun 330. maddesi, Japon Medeni Kanunu&#8217;nun 644. maddesi). Bu, y\u00f6netim kurulu \u00fcyelerinin pozisyonlar\u0131na ve yeteneklerine uygun olarak normalde beklenen dikkati g\u00f6sterme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ifade eder. \u015eirketin i\u015flerini y\u00f6neten temsilci y\u00f6netim kurulu \u00fcyesi olarak, \u00f6zellikle y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde uzmanl\u0131k ve dikkatle g\u00f6revlerini yerine getirmesi beklenir. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sadakat_Yukumlulugu\"><\/span>Sadakat Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca, y\u00f6netim kurulu \u00fcyeleri \u015firkete kar\u015f\u0131 &#8216;sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc&#8217; ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r (Japon \u015eirketler Hukuku&#8217;nun 355. maddesi). Bu, yasalara ve \u015firket ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 davranmamak, genel kurul kararlar\u0131na uymak ve \u015firketin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 her zaman en \u00f6nde tutarak g\u00f6revlerini sadakatle yerine getirmek anlam\u0131na gelir. \u015eirketin en \u00fcst d\u00fczey i\u015f y\u00fcr\u00fctme yetkilisi olarak temsilci y\u00f6netim kurulu \u00fcyesi, \u00f6zellikle \u015firket \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131yla \u00e7at\u0131\u015fabilecek ki\u015fisel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015flamak ve \u015feffaf karar verme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini uygulamak konusunda daha da fazla sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131r. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japonya%E2%80%99da_Rekabetten_Kacinma_Yukumlulugu_ve_Cikar_Catismasi_Islemlerinin_Sinirlanmasi\"><\/span>Japonya&#8217;da Rekabetten Ka\u00e7\u0131nma Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve \u00c7\u0131kar \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u0130\u015flemlerinin S\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Japon \u015firketlerinde y\u00f6neticilerin sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin somut bir ifadesi olarak, y\u00f6netim kurulu \u00fcyeleri &#8220;rekabetten ka\u00e7\u0131nma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc&#8221; ve &#8220;\u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u015flemlerinin s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131&#8221; ile y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr (Japon \u015eirketler Kanunu Madde 356, F\u0131kra 1). Bu, y\u00f6netim kurulu \u00fcyelerinin \u015firketin i\u015f kategorisine giren i\u015flemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdiklerinde veya \u015firketin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na ters d\u00fc\u015fen i\u015flemler yapt\u0131klar\u0131nda, hissedarlar genel kurulunun (y\u00f6netim kurulu kurulu\u015fu olan \u015firketlerde y\u00f6netim kurulu) \u00f6nceden onay\u0131n\u0131n gerekti\u011fini belirtir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015eirketin i\u015f faaliyetlerinde merkezi bir rol oynayan CEO&#8217;lar i\u00e7in bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yerine getirilmesi \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemlidir. CEO&#8217;lar\u0131n \u015firket m\u00fc\u015fteri bilgilerini veya know-how&#8217;\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak ki\u015fisel \u00e7\u0131kar sa\u011flamalar\u0131 ve \u015firketin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 tehlikeye atmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki somut \u00f6rnekler sunulmu\u015ftur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Kanto b\u00f6lgesinde ekmek \u00fcretimi yapan A \u015firketinin CEO&#8217;su, \u015firketin Kansai b\u00f6lgesine geni\u015fleme ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 yaparken B \u015firketini kurmu\u015f ve Osaka&#8217;da ekmek \u00fcretimi ve sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 yaparak A \u015firketinin geni\u015fleme f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 elinden alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durumda mahkeme, A \u015firketinin tazminat talebini kabul etmi\u015ftir (Tokyo B\u00f6lge Mahkemesi, 1981 Mart 26 tarihli karar).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bir CEO, ba\u015fka bir \u015firket kurarak, kendisine sad\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 bu yeni \u015firkete transfer etmi\u015f veya \u015firketin makine te\u00e7hizat\u0131n\u0131 devrederek bu yeni \u015firketi kendi \u015firketiyle rekabet edebilecek g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015firket haline getirmi\u015ftir. Bu durum da rekabetten ka\u00e7\u0131nma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ihlali olarak de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir (Osaka Y\u00fcksek Mahkemesi, 1990 Temmuz 18 tarihli karar).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bir \u00e7ift, ortak CEO olarak g\u00f6rev yapmaktayken, bo\u015fanmalar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan koca ayn\u0131 sekt\u00f6rde bir \u015firket kurmu\u015f ve bu \u015firketin CEO&#8217;su olarak faaliyet g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu durum da rekabetten ka\u00e7\u0131nma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ihlali olarak sorun olmu\u015ftur (Tokyo B\u00f6lge Mahkemesi, 1990 Temmuz 20 tarihli karar).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu \u00f6rnekler, rekabetten ka\u00e7\u0131nma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn sadece bi\u00e7imsel bir uyumla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmay\u0131p, ger\u00e7ek rekabet faaliyetlerini s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde d\u00fczenledi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yine de istisnalar mevcuttur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir CEO, B \u015firketinin CEO&#8217;su olarak A \u015firketinin i\u015f kategorisine giren i\u015flemleri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir taraf C ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011finde ve bu i\u015flemlerin ekonomik etkisi esasen A \u015firketine ait oldu\u011fu kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00e7o\u011funluk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc bu i\u015flemlerin rekabet i\u015flemleri d\u00fczenlemesine tabi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve her iki \u015firketin de onay\u0131n\u0131n gerekli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmektedir (Osaka B\u00f6lge Mahkemesi, 1983 May\u0131s 11 tarihli karar). Bu karar, mahkemelerin i\u015flemlerin hukuki bi\u00e7imine de\u011fil, ekonomik ger\u00e7ekli\u011fine \u00f6nem verdi\u011fini g\u00f6stermekte ve karma\u015f\u0131k i\u015f yap\u0131s\u0131nda esnek yorumlanabilirlik alan\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca, bir CEO&#8217;nun g\u00f6revden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan rekabetten ka\u00e7\u0131nma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc konusunda, \u015firketle aralar\u0131nda ayr\u0131ca a\u00e7\u0131k bir anla\u015fma olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece, prensip olarak rekabetten ka\u00e7\u0131nma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc uygulanmaz. Ancak, y\u00f6netim kurulu \u00fcyesinin iyi y\u00f6netim ve sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan durumlar, istifa sonras\u0131 eylemler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli olabilir (Tokyo B\u00f6lge Mahkemesi, 1993 A\u011fustos 25 tarihli karar). Bu, bir y\u00f6netim kurulu \u00fcyesinin g\u00f6revdeyken planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u015firketin bilgi veya f\u0131rsatlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcye kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda, istifa sonras\u0131nda da belirli etik ve hukuki y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin devam edebilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Yonetim_Karar_Ilkesi\"><\/span>Y\u00f6netim Karar \u0130lkesi<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;Y\u00f6netim Karar \u0130lkesi&#8221;, temsilci direkt\u00f6rler de dahil olmak \u00fczere y\u00f6netim kurulu \u00fcyelerinin y\u00f6netim kararlar\u0131na geni\u015f bir takdir yetkisi tan\u0131yan yarg\u0131sal bir prensiptir. Bu ilkeye g\u00f6re, temsilci direkt\u00f6rlerin eylemleri, karar verme s\u00fcreci ve i\u00e7eri\u011finde bariz bir mant\u0131ks\u0131zl\u0131k bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece, iyi y\u00f6netim sorumlulu\u011fu ihlali olarak kabul edilmez (Japonya Y\u00fcksek Mahkemesi 2010 (2010) y\u0131l\u0131 15 Temmuz karar\u0131). \u0130yi y\u00f6netim sorumlulu\u011funun temel bile\u015fenlerinden biri olan dikkat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda, y\u00f6netim kararlar\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131rken makul bilgi toplama ve analiz yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve uygun bir karar verilmesi gerekmektedir. Karar verme s\u00fcreci makul oldu\u011fu ve i\u00e7erik bariz bir \u015fekilde mant\u0131ks\u0131z olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece, sonu\u00e7 olarak \u015firkete zarar gelmi\u015f olsa bile iyi y\u00f6netim sorumlulu\u011fu ihlali s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu ilke, y\u00f6netim kararlar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi risk i\u00e7erdi\u011finin kabul edilmesi ve mahkemelerin y\u00f6neticilerin kararlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede de\u011ferlendirmesinden ka\u00e7\u0131nmak amac\u0131yla olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylece, temsilci direkt\u00f6rler, sonu\u00e7 olarak dezavantaj do\u011fursa bile, samimi bir karar verme s\u00fcreci sonucunda al\u0131nan kararlar i\u00e7in ki\u015fisel sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131ma konusunda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir korku olmaks\u0131z\u0131n stratejik kararlar alabilirler. Bu ilke, yenilik\u00e7i ve dinamik bir i\u015f ortam\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6neme sahiptir ve karar verme s\u00fcrecinin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 kayd\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini vurgular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japonya%E2%80%99da_Diger_Yoneticilere_Karsi_Gozetim_Yukumlulugu\"><\/span>Japonya&#8217;da Di\u011fer Y\u00f6neticilere Kar\u015f\u0131 G\u00f6zetim Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Japonya&#8217;da, \u00f6zellikle y\u00f6netim kurulu kurulu\u015flar\u0131nda, temsilci y\u00f6neticiler di\u011fer y\u00f6neticiler ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n i\u015flerini y\u00fcr\u00fctme konusunda \u00f6nemli bir &#8220;g\u00f6zetim y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc&#8221; ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck, \u015firket i\u00e7inde uygun bir i\u00e7 kontrol sistemi kurmay\u0131 ve uyum programlar\u0131n\u0131 etkili bir \u015fekilde i\u015fletmeyi i\u00e7erir. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu g\u00f6zetim y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, y\u00f6neticinin rol\u00fcn\u00fcn temel ve geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 bir y\u00f6n\u00fcd\u00fcr ve yaln\u0131zca &#8220;nominal&#8221; bir temsilci y\u00f6netici olsa bile, bu sorumluluktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Japonya Y\u00fcksek Mahkemesi&#8217;nin 1969 y\u0131l\u0131 26 Kas\u0131m (Showa 44) tarihli karar\u0131, nominal bir temsilci y\u00f6netici olsa bile, di\u011fer (ger\u00e7ek) y\u00f6neticilerin i\u015flerini y\u00fcr\u00fctme konusunda g\u00f6zetimi ihmal etti\u011finde g\u00f6rev ihmali kabul edilebilece\u011fine h\u00fckmetmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme&#8217;nin 1980 y\u0131l\u0131 18 Mart (Showa 55) tarihli karar\u0131, y\u00f6neticinin g\u00f6zetim y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00f6netim kurulu \u00fcyesi olarak konumuna dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve &#8220;s\u0131radan&#8221; bir y\u00f6netici olsa bile, temsilci y\u00f6neticinin i\u015flerini y\u00fcr\u00fctme konusunda g\u00f6zetim yapmas\u0131 gereken bir konumda oldu\u011funu ve g\u00f6zetim konusunun sadece g\u00fcndeme getirilen meselelerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtmi\u015ftir. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu kararlar, temsilci y\u00f6netici de dahil olmak \u00fczere herhangi bir y\u00f6neticinin, sorumlulu\u011fu ba\u015fkalar\u0131na aktaramayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Y\u00f6netim kurulunun ba\u015f\u0131 olarak, temsilci y\u00f6netici, \u015firketin t\u00fcm yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yasalara uygun ve etkili bir \u015fekilde i\u015flemesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in daha y\u00fcksek bir sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir i\u00e7 kontrol sistemi kurma ve bunu aktif olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme, ayr\u0131ca g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir uyum k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc olu\u015fturma \u00f6nemini vurgulamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japonya%E2%80%99da_Temsilci_Direktorun_Sirkete_Karsi_Tazminat_Sorumlulugu\"><\/span>Japonya&#8217;da Temsilci Direkt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u015eirkete Kar\u015f\u0131 Tazminat Sorumlulu\u011fu<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Japon \u015eirketler Hukuku&#8217;nun (2005) 423. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131, y\u00f6neticilerin, muhasebe dan\u0131\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131n, denet\u00e7ilerin, icra yetkililerinin veya muhasebe denet\u00e7ilerinin (genel olarak &#8216;yetkililer&#8217; olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r) g\u00f6revlerini ihmal etmeleri durumunda, anonim \u015firketlere kar\u015f\u0131, bu ihmal sonucu do\u011fan zararlar\u0131 tazmin etme sorumlulu\u011funu y\u00fcklemektedir. Bu sorumluluk, iyi y\u00f6netim ve dikkat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ihlali veya sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ihlali gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00f6rev ihmal bi\u00e7imlerinden kaynaklanabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Temsilci direkt\u00f6r, \u015firketin i\u015flerinin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesinden en \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde sorumlu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, g\u00f6rev ihmalinin \u015firkete ciddi zararlar verme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcksektir ve \u00f6zellikle a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki h\u00fck\u00fcmler uygulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rekabet_Eden_Islemler_Durumunda\"><\/span>Rekabet Eden \u0130\u015flemler Durumunda<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Temsilci direkt\u00f6r veya icra yetkilisi, Japon \u015eirketler Hukuku&#8217;nun (2005) 356. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak, \u015firketin i\u015f kollar\u0131na ait i\u015flemleri kendi ad\u0131na veya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015fi ad\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bu i\u015flemlerden temsilci direkt\u00f6r, icra yetkilisi veya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin elde etti\u011fi k\u00e2r miktar\u0131, \u015firkete verilen zarar miktar\u0131 olarak kabul edilir (Japon \u015eirketler Hukuku&#8217;nun (2005) 423. maddesinin 2. f\u0131kras\u0131). Bu varsay\u0131m h\u00fckm\u00fc, \u015firketin zarar miktar\u0131n\u0131 ispat etme y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc hafifletmek ve sorumlulu\u011fun takibini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cikar_Catismasi_Olan_Islemler_Durumunda\"><\/span>\u00c7\u0131kar \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 Olan \u0130\u015flemler Durumunda<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Japon \u015eirketler Hukuku&#8217;nun (2005) 356. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n 2. veya 3. bendinde belirtilen \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olan i\u015flemler sonucunda \u015firkete zarar verildi\u011finde, bu i\u015flemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren temsilci direkt\u00f6r veya icra yetkilisi, bu i\u015flemleri onaylayan temsilci direkt\u00f6r veya icra yetkilisi ve bu i\u015flemlere ili\u015fkin y\u00f6netim kurulu onay karar\u0131na olumlu oy veren y\u00f6neticilerin g\u00f6revlerini ihmal ettikleri varsay\u0131l\u0131r (Japon \u015eirketler Hukuku&#8217;nun (2005) 423. maddesinin 3. f\u0131kras\u0131). Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm de, \u015firket taraf\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rev ihmalini ispat etme y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc hafifletmek i\u00e7indir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Denetim_Komitesi_Kuruluslarinda_Ozel_Durum\"><\/span>Denetim Komitesi Kurulu\u015flar\u0131nda \u00d6zel Durum<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Yine de, denetim komitesi kurulu\u015flar\u0131nda \u00f6zel bir durum s\u00f6z konusudur. Denetim komitesi \u00fcyeleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki y\u00f6neticilerin \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olan i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in denetim komitesinin onay\u0131 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015fsa, yukar\u0131daki 3. f\u0131kran\u0131n g\u00f6rev ihmalinin varsay\u0131m h\u00fckm\u00fc uygulanmaz (Japon \u015eirketler Hukuku&#8217;nun (2005) 423. maddesinin 4. f\u0131kras\u0131). Bu, denetim komitesinin y\u00f6neticilerin se\u00e7imi ve g\u00f6revden al\u0131nmas\u0131 veya \u00fccretleri hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f bildirme hakk\u0131 gibi belirli bir denetim i\u015flevine sahip oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclerek getirilmi\u015f politik bir d\u00fczenlemedir. Ancak, bu onay al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olsa bile, \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olan i\u015flemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren y\u00f6neticinin g\u00f6rev ihmalinden do\u011fan sorumlulu\u011fu ortadan kalkmaz ve genel prensiplere g\u00f6re g\u00f6rev ihmalinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ve ispat ederek, ilgili y\u00f6neticinin sorumlulu\u011funu takip etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japonya%E2%80%99da_Temsilci_Yonetim_Kurulu_Baskaninin_Ucuncu_Sahislara_Karsi_Tazminat_Sorumlulugu\"><\/span>Japonya&#8217;da Temsilci Y\u00f6netim Kurulu Ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015eah\u0131slara Kar\u015f\u0131 Tazminat Sorumlulu\u011fu<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japon_Sirketler_Hukuku_Madde_429%E2%80%99un_1_Fikrasina_Gore_Sorumluluk\"><\/span>Japon \u015eirketler Hukuku Madde 429&#8217;un 1. F\u0131kras\u0131na G\u00f6re Sorumluluk<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Y\u00f6neticiler, muhasebeciler, denet\u00e7iler, icra memurlar\u0131 veya muhasebe denet\u00e7ileri (topluca &#8220;y\u00f6netim g\u00f6revlileri&#8221; olarak an\u0131l\u0131r) g\u00f6revlerini yerine getirirken k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli veya ciddi bir ihmalde bulunurlarsa ve bu durum \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slara zarar verirse, bu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slara kar\u015f\u0131 tazminat sorumlulu\u011fu ta\u015f\u0131rlar (Japon \u015eirketler Hukuku Madde 429&#8217;un 1. F\u0131kras\u0131). Bu sorumluluk, \u015firketin mali g\u00fcc\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131s olan alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n beklenmedik zararlara u\u011framas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yasalarla \u00f6zel olarak tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f &#8220;\u00f6zel yasal sorumluluk&#8221; olarak yorumlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Temsilci y\u00f6netim kurulu ba\u015fkan\u0131, \u015firketin d\u0131\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fck y\u00fcz\u00fc olarak geni\u015f yetkilere sahip oldu\u011fundan, g\u00f6revlerini yerine getirirken k\u00f6t\u00fc niyet veya ciddi ihmal, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slara do\u011frudan zarar verme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r ve \u00f6zellikle bu sorumluluk sorgulanabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme B\u00fcy\u00fck Dairesi&#8217;nin 1969 (Showa 44) y\u0131l\u0131 26 Kas\u0131m tarihli karar\u0131, bu sorumlulu\u011fa ili\u015fkin olarak, y\u00f6neticilerin g\u00f6revlerini yerine getirirken kas\u0131tl\u0131 veya ihmal sonucu do\u011frudan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slara zarar vermesi durumunda, genel haks\u0131z fiil h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca tazminat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ancak y\u00f6neticilerin g\u00f6rev ihmali sonucu zarar g\u00f6ren \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n, bu g\u00f6rev ihmali i\u00e7in y\u00f6neticilerin k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetini veya ciddi ihmallerini iddia edip kan\u0131tlamalar\u0131 durumunda, kas\u0131t veya ihmal olmadan da tazminat talep edebileceklerini belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zarar\u0131n kapsam\u0131 konusunda, temsilci y\u00f6netim kurulu ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n eylemleri sonucu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n do\u011frudan ki\u015fisel olarak u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zararlar (do\u011frudan zararlar) yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00f6ncelikle \u015firkete zarar gelmesi ve bunun sonucunda \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmesi durumlar\u0131 (dolayl\u0131 zararlar) da dahil edilmektedir. Bu, alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ilkesinin bir sonucudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131s&#8221; tan\u0131m\u0131na \u015firket d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki ki\u015filer dahil oldu\u011fundan, hissedarlar da bu kapsamdad\u0131r; ancak dolayl\u0131 zararlar s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, hissedarlar\u0131n \u015firket varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 sonucu hisse de\u011ferlerinin d\u00fc\u015fmesi gibi dolayl\u0131 zararlar i\u00e7in temsilci y\u00f6netim kurulu ba\u015fkan\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 do\u011frudan tazminat talebinde bulunup bulunamayacaklar\u0131 konusunda tart\u0131\u015fmalar vard\u0131r. Yayg\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re, hissedarlar &#8220;\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131s&#8221; olarak kabul edilmez. Ancak, kapal\u0131 \u015firketler gibi belirli durumlarda, az\u0131nl\u0131k hissedarlar\u0131n zararlar\u0131n\u0131n giderilmesi amac\u0131yla, hissedarlar\u0131n dolayl\u0131 zararlar\u0131 i\u00e7in tazminat talebinde bulunmalar\u0131na izin verilebilece\u011fi de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nominal_Temsilci_Yonetim_Kurulu_Baskaninin_Sorumlulugu\"><\/span>Nominal Temsilci Y\u00f6netim Kurulu Ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n Sorumlulu\u011fu<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda, sadece ismen temsilci y\u00f6netim kurulu ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak atanan ki\u015filerin sorumlulu\u011fu s\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00fcndeme gelmektedir. \u0130sim olarak temsilci y\u00f6netim kurulu ba\u015fkan\u0131 olsa bile, di\u011fer (ger\u00e7ek) y\u00f6neticilerin g\u00f6revlerini yerine getirmelerini denetlemede ihmalkar davran\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6rev ihmali kabul edilebilir (Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme 1969 y\u0131l\u0131 26 Kas\u0131m tarihli karar\u0131). Ancak, son y\u0131llarda, hi\u00e7bir \u00fccret almayan nominal y\u00f6neticilere a\u011f\u0131r ihmal sonucu g\u00f6rev ihmali atfedilemeyece\u011fi ve bu nedenle sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131n reddedildi\u011fi alt mahkemelerin kararlar\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ya\u015fanan bir \u015firkette, i\u015flerin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesine kat\u0131lmayan &#8220;nominal temsilci y\u00f6netim kurulu ba\u015fkan\u0131&#8221;n\u0131n da zarar g\u00f6ren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fana kar\u015f\u0131 tazminat sorumlulu\u011fu kabul edilen bir durum vard\u0131r. Bu, nominal pozisyonda olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u015firket hukuku \u00e7er\u00e7evesindeki sorumluluklardan tamamen muaf olman\u0131n zor oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ozet\"><\/span>\u00d6zet<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Japonya&#8217;daki \u015firketler hukukunda temsilci direkt\u00f6rler, atand\u0131klar\u0131 andan itibaren geni\u015f yetkilere ve a\u011f\u0131r y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler ile sorumluluklara kadar \u00e7e\u015fitli hukuki y\u00f6nleri bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131rlar. \u015eirketin i\u015flerini y\u00f6netir ve d\u0131\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 \u015firketi temsil ederler; adeta \u015firketin y\u00fcz\u00fcd\u00fcrler. Yetkileri geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 olup, iyi niyetli \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ilkesiyle i\u015flemlerin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flan\u0131rken, ayn\u0131 zamanda i\u00e7sel k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar ve temsil yetkisinin k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 hukuki \u00f6nlemler de belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Temsilci direkt\u00f6rlerin \u015firkete kar\u015f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler, Japon medeni hukukunda k\u00f6k salm\u0131\u015f olan \u00f6zenli y\u00f6netim y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve Japon \u015firketler hukukunda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilen sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olarak iki ana kategoriye ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlar, rekabetten ka\u00e7\u0131nma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u015flemlerinin s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 gibi somut davran\u0131\u015f kurallar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr ve ihlaller \u015firkete kar\u015f\u0131 tazminat sorumlulu\u011funa yol a\u00e7ar. K\u00f6t\u00fc niyet veya a\u011f\u0131r ihmal varsa, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slara kar\u015f\u0131 da do\u011frudan tazminat sorumlulu\u011fu do\u011fabilir. Y\u00f6netim kararlar\u0131 ilkesi, temsilci direkt\u00f6rlerin risk i\u00e7eren y\u00f6netim kararlar\u0131n\u0131 uygun \u015fekilde alabilmeleri i\u00e7in takdir hakk\u0131 tan\u0131rken, s\u00fcrecin mant\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na da \u00f6nem verir. Ayr\u0131ca, di\u011fer direkt\u00f6rler ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar \u00fczerindeki g\u00f6zetim y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, sadece ismen temsilci direkt\u00f6rler i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemli bir sorumluluktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu karma\u015f\u0131k hukuki \u00e7er\u00e7eveyi anlamak ve uygun \u015fekilde uymak, Japonya&#8217;da i\u015f y\u00fcr\u00fcten \u015firketler i\u00e7in son derece \u00f6nemlidir. Temsilci direkt\u00f6rlerin atanmas\u0131, yetkilerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin yerine getirilmesi ve sorumluluklar\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131yla ilgili hukuki riskleri y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in uzman bilgi ve pratik deneyim \u015fartt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Monolith Hukuk B\u00fcrosu, Japonya&#8217;daki \u015firketler hukukunda temsilci direkt\u00f6rlerin atanmas\u0131, yetkileri, y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri ve sorumluluklar\u0131 konusunda geni\u015f bir deneyime sahiptir ve Japonya i\u00e7inde bir\u00e7ok m\u00fc\u015fteriye hukuki destek sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. B\u00fcromuzda, yabanc\u0131 avukatl\u0131k niteliklerine sahip \u0130ngilizce konu\u015fan bir\u00e7ok avukat bulunmakta ve Japon hukuk sistemine a\u015fina olmayan yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlere ve bireylere dil engeli olmaks\u0131z\u0131n do\u011fru ve pratik tavsiyeler sunabilmektedir. Temsilci direkt\u00f6rlerle ilgili her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hukuki meydan okumada, b\u00fcromuz i\u015fletmenizi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde desteklemeye haz\u0131rd\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Japonya&#8217;daki \u015firket y\u00f6netiminde, temsilci direkt\u00f6rler son derece \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamaktad\u0131r. Onlar sadece \u015firketin y\u00f6netimini \u00fcstlenmekle kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda hukuken \u015firketi temsil eder ve d\u0131\u015f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":74309,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[24,89],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74103"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=74103"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74103\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":74313,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74103\/revisions\/74313"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/74309"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=74103"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=74103"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=74103"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}