{"id":74384,"date":"2025-10-06T01:06:01","date_gmt":"2025-10-05T16:06:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/?p=74384"},"modified":"2025-10-13T05:19:32","modified_gmt":"2025-10-12T20:19:32","slug":"transport-business-japan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/transport-business-japan","title":{"rendered":"Japonya Ticaret Kanunu'nda Ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k \u0130\u015fletmecili\u011fi: S\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, Sorumluluklar ve Taraflar\u0131n Hak ve Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerine Dair A\u00e7\u0131klama"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Global \u015firketler i\u00e7in, Japonya pazar\u0131ndaki ba\u015far\u0131, etkin ve hukuki olarak sa\u011flam bir tedarik zinciri olu\u015fturmakla yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkilidir. \u00dcr\u00fcnlerin fabrikadan t\u00fcketiciye veya i\u015f ortaklar\u0131na ula\u015fana kadar olan fiziksel ak\u0131\u015f\u0131, yani lojistik, modern ticaret faaliyetlerinin temelini olu\u015fturur. Bu lojisti\u011fi hukuki olarak destekleyen \u015fey, Japon ticaret hukukunda &#8220;ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015fi&#8221; ile ilgili d\u00fczenlemelerdir. \u00d6zellikle mallar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, i\u015fletmelerin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen kritik bir unsurdur ve bu kurallar\u0131 do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde anlamak, risk y\u00f6netimi ve sorunsuz i\u015fletme y\u00f6netimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7ilmezdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu alan\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen ana yasa, Japon ticaret hukukudur. Dikkat \u00e7ekici olan, yakla\u015f\u0131k 120 y\u0131l sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen b\u00fcy\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fiklikle 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda yenilenmi\u015f ve 2019 y\u0131l\u0131 Nisan 1&#8217;den (2019) itibaren y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklik, eski d\u00fczenlemeleri g\u00fcncelleyerek modern uluslararas\u0131 ticari uygulamalar ve i\u015flem ger\u00e7ekliklerine uygun hale getirmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, tehlikeli maddelerin bildirim y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmesi ve ta\u015f\u0131nan mallar\u0131n tamamen kaybolmas\u0131 durumunda al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131n netle\u015ftirilmesi gibi, uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f yapan \u015firketlerin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7ek sorunlara yan\u0131t veren i\u00e7erikler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu sayede, Japon i\u00e7 hukuku ile global standartlar aras\u0131ndaki uyum artm\u0131\u015f ve i\u015flemlerin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirli\u011fi iyile\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu makalede, Japon ticaret hukukundaki ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015fi, \u00f6zellikle mallar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00fczerine odaklanarak, hukuki \u00e7er\u00e7evesini sistematik bir \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yoruz. \u00d6ncelikle, ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin temel nitelikleri ve olu\u015fum \u015fartlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriyor, ard\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin merkezi taraflar\u0131 olan ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131, y\u00fck g\u00f6nderen ve al\u0131c\u0131 olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 taraf\u0131n, her birinin hangi hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklere sahip oldu\u011funu, somut maddeler ve yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131 ile detayland\u0131r\u0131yoruz. \u00d6zellikle, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sorumluluk ilkesi, de\u011ferli e\u015fyalar\u0131n veya tehlikeli maddelerin ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve yasal d\u00fczenleme ile b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015fen al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n konumu gibi, i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemli olan konular\u0131 derinlemesine ele al\u0131yoruz. Bu d\u00fczenlemelerin \u00e7o\u011fu, taraflar aras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmayla de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilen &#8220;iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeler&#8221; oldu\u011fundan, hukukun anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, daha avantajl\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme m\u00fczakereleri yapman\u0131n ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_53 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/transport-business-japan\/#Japonya%E2%80%99da_Tasima_Sozlesmelerinin_Temelleri_Japon_Ticaret_Kanunu_Cercevesinde\" title=\"Japonya&#8217;da Ta\u015f\u0131ma S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin Temelleri Japon Ticaret Kanunu \u00c7er\u00e7evesinde\">Japonya&#8217;da Ta\u015f\u0131ma S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin Temelleri Japon Ticaret Kanunu \u00c7er\u00e7evesinde<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/transport-business-japan\/#Japonya%E2%80%99da_Tasiyicinin_Yukumlulukleri_ve_Sorumluluklari\" title=\"Japonya&#8217;da Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri ve Sorumluluklar\u0131\">Japonya&#8217;da Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri ve Sorumluluklar\u0131<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/transport-business-japan\/#Sorumluluk_Temel_Ilkesi_Kusurun_Varsayimi\" title=\"Sorumluluk Temel \u0130lkesi: Kusurun Varsay\u0131m\u0131\">Sorumluluk Temel \u0130lkesi: Kusurun Varsay\u0131m\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/transport-business-japan\/#Zarar_Tazminati_Miktari\" title=\"Zarar Tazminat\u0131 Miktar\u0131\">Zarar Tazminat\u0131 Miktar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/transport-business-japan\/#Japonya%E2%80%99da_Yuksek_Degerli_Mallara_Iliskin_Ozel_Hukumler\" title=\"Japonya&#8217;da Y\u00fcksek De\u011ferli Mallara \u0130li\u015fkin \u00d6zel H\u00fck\u00fcmler\">Japonya&#8217;da Y\u00fcksek De\u011ferli Mallara \u0130li\u015fkin \u00d6zel H\u00fck\u00fcmler<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/transport-business-japan\/#Gondericinin_Haklari_ve_Yukumlulukleri\" title=\"G\u00f6ndericinin Haklar\u0131 ve Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri\">G\u00f6ndericinin Haklar\u0131 ve Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/transport-business-japan\/#Tehlikeli_Mallar_Hakkinda_Bildirim_Yukumlulugu\" title=\"Tehlikeli Mallar Hakk\u0131nda Bildirim Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\">Tehlikeli Mallar Hakk\u0131nda Bildirim Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/transport-business-japan\/#Tasarruf_Hakki\" title=\"Tasarruf Hakk\u0131\">Tasarruf Hakk\u0131<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/transport-business-japan\/#Japonya%E2%80%99da_Tasima_Islerinde_Alicinin_Hak_ve_Yukumlulukleri\" title=\"Japonya&#8217;da Ta\u015f\u0131ma \u0130\u015flerinde Al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n Hak ve Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri\">Japonya&#8217;da Ta\u015f\u0131ma \u0130\u015flerinde Al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n Hak ve Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/transport-business-japan\/#Haklarin_Kazanilmasi_ve_2018_Yilinda_Yapilan_Degisikligin_Etkisi\" title=\"Haklar\u0131n Kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve 2018 Y\u0131l\u0131nda Yap\u0131lan De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin Etkisi\">Haklar\u0131n Kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve 2018 Y\u0131l\u0131nda Yap\u0131lan De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin Etkisi<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/transport-business-japan\/#Japon_Ticaret_Kanunu_ve_Inkoterms%E2%80%99in_Uyumlastirilmasi\" title=\"Japon Ticaret Kanunu ve \u0130nkoterms&#8217;in Uyumla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\">Japon Ticaret Kanunu ve \u0130nkoterms&#8217;in Uyumla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/transport-business-japan\/#Alicinin_Yukumlulukleri\" title=\"Al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri\">Al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/transport-business-japan\/#Japonya%E2%80%99da_Tasima_Sozlesmesinde_Taraflarin_Sorumluluk_Iliskisinin_Karsilastirilmasi\" title=\"Japonya&#8217;da Ta\u015f\u0131ma S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde Taraflar\u0131n Sorumluluk \u0130li\u015fkisinin Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\">Japonya&#8217;da Ta\u015f\u0131ma S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde Taraflar\u0131n Sorumluluk \u0130li\u015fkisinin Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/transport-business-japan\/#Ozet\" title=\"\u00d6zet\">\u00d6zet<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japonya%E2%80%99da_Tasima_Sozlesmelerinin_Temelleri_Japon_Ticaret_Kanunu_Cercevesinde\"><\/span>Japonya&#8217;da Ta\u015f\u0131ma S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin Temelleri Japon Ticaret Kanunu \u00c7er\u00e7evesinde<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>E\u015fya ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckleyiciden e\u015fyalar\u0131 al\u0131p bunlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yarak al\u0131c\u0131ya teslim etmeyi taahh\u00fct etti\u011fi bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmedir. Hukuki niteli\u011fi itibar\u0131yla, ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015finin tamamlanmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7lar ve bu sonuca kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00fccret \u00f6denir, bu nedenle Japon Medeni Kanunu taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen y\u00fcklenim s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinden biri olarak kabul edilir. Bu s\u00f6zle\u015fme, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n &#8220;ta\u015f\u0131r\u0131m&#8221; \u015feklindeki kabul\u00fc ve y\u00fckleyicinin &#8220;l\u00fctfen ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131n&#8221; \u015feklindeki talebi gibi, taraflar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 irade beyanlar\u0131n\u0131n uyu\u015fmas\u0131yla kurulur. Japon hukukunda, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in mutlaka yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir belge talep edilmez, s\u00f6zl\u00fc anla\u015fmalar da hukuki ge\u00e7erlilik ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ancak, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi yaln\u0131zca s\u00f6zl\u00fc olarak yapmak ticari a\u00e7\u0131dan ak\u0131ll\u0131ca de\u011fildir. S\u00f6zle\u015fme i\u00e7eri\u011fi yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak belirlenmedi\u011finde, ta\u015f\u0131man\u0131n somut ko\u015fullar\u0131, maliyetler, sorumluluk alanlar\u0131, sorun \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 durumunda izlenecek kurallar gibi konular belirsiz hale gelir ve bu da sonradan taraflar aras\u0131nda ciddi anla\u015fmazl\u0131klara yol a\u00e7ma riskini art\u0131r\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle, s\u00f6zle\u015fmede olmayan ek hizmetlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 veya bunlarla ilgili ek \u00fccret talepleri gibi konular, s\u00f6zl\u00fc s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde s\u0131k\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan sorunlard\u0131r. Bu nedenle, i\u015flemlerin istikrar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirli\u011fini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin i\u00e7eri\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirten yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme haz\u0131rlamak son derece \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>E\u015fya ta\u015f\u0131ma alan\u0131, \u00e7ok say\u0131da tekrar eden i\u015flemleri h\u0131zl\u0131 ve verimli bir \u015fekilde i\u015flemek zorunda oldu\u011fundan, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar genellikle &#8220;standart ta\u015f\u0131ma \u015fartnamesi&#8221; olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan tipik s\u00f6zle\u015fme ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 belirlerler. Japonya&#8217;da, Ula\u015ft\u0131rma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 &#8220;Standart Kargo Otomobil Ta\u015f\u0131ma \u015eartnamesi&#8221; gibi modelleri ilan eder ve ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar bunlar\u0131 benimsediklerinde, d\u00fczenleyici onay i\u015flemleri basitle\u015ftirilir, bu nedenle bu standart \u015fartnameler sekt\u00f6rde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan de facto standartlar haline gelmi\u015ftir. Bu durum, ta\u015f\u0131ma hizmetlerini kullanan \u015firketler i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131r. Hukuki d\u00fczenlemelerin \u00e7o\u011fu, taraflar\u0131n anla\u015fmas\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilen iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmler olsa da, piyasada ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n sundu\u011fu standart \u015fartnameler, genellikle &#8220;kabul edin ya da etmeyin&#8221; \u015feklinde pazarl\u0131k pay\u0131 olmayan ko\u015fullar olarak sunulur. Bu nedenle, \u015firket hukuk departmanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi s\u0131f\u0131rdan tasarlamaktan ziyade, sunulan \u015fartnamenin i\u00e7eri\u011fini incelemek ve i\u00e7erdi\u011fi riskleri do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde anlamak, pratikteki risk y\u00f6netiminin merkezi bir meselesi haline gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japonya%E2%80%99da_Tasiyicinin_Yukumlulukleri_ve_Sorumluluklari\"><\/span>Japonya&#8217;da Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri ve Sorumluluklar\u0131<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131, g\u00f6nderici taraf\u0131ndan teslim al\u0131nan mallar\u0131, al\u0131c\u0131ya g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde ula\u015ft\u0131rmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr; bu, ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin temel bir y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00fcrecinde mallar zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n hangi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 Japon ticaret kanununda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sorumluluk_Temel_Ilkesi_Kusurun_Varsayimi\"><\/span>Sorumluluk Temel \u0130lkesi: Kusurun Varsay\u0131m\u0131<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Japonya&#8217;daki ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fu ile ilgili en temel ilke, Japon Ticaret Kanunu&#8217;nun (\u5546\u6cd5) 575. maddesinde belirlenmi\u015ftir. Bu maddeye g\u00f6re, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u0131ras\u0131nda e\u015fyan\u0131n kaybolmas\u0131, zarar g\u00f6rmesi veya gecikmesi durumunda, bu durumdan kaynaklanan zararlar\u0131 tazmin etme sorumlulu\u011funu ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu h\u00fckm\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kusurunun hukuki olarak varsay\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, &#8220;ara sorumluluk&#8221; olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bir durum olup, zarar meydana geldi\u011finde, ilke olarak ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sorumlu oldu\u011fu kabul edilir. Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n bu sorumluluktan kurtulabilmesi i\u00e7in, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n &#8220;e\u015fyan\u0131n teslim al\u0131nmas\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, saklanmas\u0131 ve teslim edilmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda gerekli \u00f6zeni g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini&#8221; kan\u0131tlamas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Yani, ispat y\u00fck\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Pratikte, &#8220;gerekli \u00f6zeni g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini&#8221; kan\u0131tlamak kolay de\u011fildir. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131nda, kamyonun kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kilit kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn ihmal edilmesi sonucu meydana gelen y\u00fck d\u00fc\u015fmesi kazalar\u0131 veya depolarda yetersiz g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemleri nedeniyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k olaylar\u0131 gibi temel g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemlerinin yetersizli\u011fi a\u011f\u0131r ihmal olarak kabul edilmi\u015f ve ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fu onaylanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zarar_Tazminati_Miktari\"><\/span>Zarar Tazminat\u0131 Miktar\u0131<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ta\u015f\u0131nan mallarda meydana gelen zararlar i\u00e7in tazminat miktar\u0131n\u0131n hesaplanmas\u0131 konusunda da Japon ticaret hukuku a\u00e7\u0131k kurallar belirlemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Japon ticaret hukukunun 576. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131nan mallar\u0131n yok olmas\u0131 veya zarar g\u00f6rmesi durumunda zarar tazminat\u0131 miktar\u0131n\u0131 sabit miktar tazminat ilkesine g\u00f6re belirler. \u00d6zellikle, bu tazminat miktar\u0131 &#8220;teslim edilmesi gereken yer ve zamandaki ta\u015f\u0131nan mallar\u0131n piyasa fiyat\u0131&#8221;na g\u00f6re belirlenir. Bu sayede, zarar miktar\u0131n\u0131n hesaplanmas\u0131 basitle\u015ftirilir ve anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi sa\u011flan\u0131r; ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda, g\u00f6nderici veya al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n elde edebilece\u011fi tazminat miktar\u0131 piyasa fiyat\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 hale gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6te yandan, ta\u015f\u0131man\u0131n &#8220;gecikmesi&#8221; nedeniyle meydana gelen zararlar i\u00e7in ticaret hukukunda tazminat miktar\u0131n\u0131n hesaplanmas\u0131na dair bir h\u00fck\u00fcm bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle, bu durumda Japon medeni hukukunun 416. maddesindeki genel ilkelere g\u00f6re hareket edilir. Medeni hukuk ilkesinde, normalde meydana gelmesi beklenen zararlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, taraflar\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc veya \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilece\u011fi &#8220;\u00f6zel durumlar&#8221; nedeniyle meydana gelen zararlar (\u00f6zel zararlar) da tazminat kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir fabrikan\u0131n \u00fcretim hatt\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli par\u00e7alar\u0131n gecikmesi nedeniyle \u00fcretimin durmas\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kar\u0131n meydana gelmesi durumunda, bu \u00f6zel zarar olarak talep edilebilir. Bu potansiyel s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z sorumluluk riskini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 standart ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde, gecikme ile ilgili tazminat sorumlulu\u011funu ta\u015f\u0131ma \u00fccreti miktar\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rlayan gibi, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmler yer al\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, pratikte, ticaret hukukunun varsay\u0131lan kurallar\u0131ndan ziyade, s\u00f6zle\u015fme ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmleri belirleyici \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japonya%E2%80%99da_Yuksek_Degerli_Mallara_Iliskin_Ozel_Hukumler\"><\/span>Japonya&#8217;da Y\u00fcksek De\u011ferli Mallara \u0130li\u015fkin \u00d6zel H\u00fck\u00fcmler<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Japon ticaret hukuku, para, menkul k\u0131ymetler, m\u00fccevherler gibi \u00f6zellikle de\u011feri y\u00fcksek olan mallar (y\u00fcksek de\u011ferli mallar) i\u00e7in, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funu hafifleten \u00f6zel kurallar belirlemi\u015ftir. Japon ticaret hukukunun 577. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131na g\u00f6re, g\u00f6nderen ta\u015f\u0131may\u0131 \u00fcstlenirken bu t\u00fcr ve de\u011feri bildirmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 y\u00fcksek de\u011ferli mallar\u0131n kayb\u0131, hasar\u0131 veya gecikmesinden dolay\u0131 tazminat sorumlulu\u011fu ta\u015f\u0131maz. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n beklenmedik y\u00fcksek tazminat sorumluluklar\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in konulmu\u015ftur. Burada bahsedilen &#8220;y\u00fcksek de\u011ferli mallar&#8221;, yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131na g\u00f6re &#8220;hacim veya a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na k\u0131yasla belirgin \u015fekilde y\u00fcksek de\u011ferli olan mallar\u0131&#8221; ifade etmektedir (Osaka Y\u00fcksek Mahkemesi, 1969 (Showa 44) y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n 25 Eyl\u00fcl tarihli karar\u0131).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yine de, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n bu sorumluluktan muafiyetinin istisnalar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fme yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada ta\u015f\u0131nan mal\u0131n y\u00fcksek de\u011ferli oldu\u011funu biliyorsa veya ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kas\u0131t veya a\u011f\u0131r ihmalinden dolay\u0131 zarar meydana gelmi\u015fse, g\u00f6nderenin de\u011feri bildirmemi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sorumluluktan muaf olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte, ticaret hukukundaki bu sorumluluk muafiyetinin, sadece s\u00f6zle\u015fme sorumlulu\u011funa m\u0131 yoksa haks\u0131z fiil temelindeki tazminat taleplerine de uygulan\u0131p uygulanmayaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda yorumlar ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu konuda, Kobe B\u00f6lge Mahkemesi&#8217;nin 1990 (Heisei 2) y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n 24 Temmuz tarihli karar\u0131, ticaret hukukunun 577. maddesi (eski ticaret hukukunun 578. maddesi) ile getirilen muafiyetin yaln\u0131zca s\u00f6zle\u015fme sorumlulu\u011funa uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve haks\u0131z fiil sorumlulu\u011funun muaf tutulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 karara ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, y\u00fcksek de\u011ferli oldu\u011funu bildirmeyen g\u00f6nderen taraf\u0131nda da ihmal oldu\u011funu belirterek, ihmalin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 yoluyla tazminat miktar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu sorun, 2018 (Heisei 30) y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ticaret hukuku reformu ile \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yeni eklenen Japon ticaret hukukunun 587. maddesi, ticaret hukukuna g\u00f6re ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sorumluluk s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin (y\u00fcksek de\u011ferli mallara ili\u015fkin \u00f6zel h\u00fck\u00fcmler dahil) esasen haks\u0131z fiil sorumlulu\u011funa da uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtmi\u015f ve hukuki istikrar\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gondericinin_Haklari_ve_Yukumlulukleri\"><\/span>G\u00f6ndericinin Haklar\u0131 ve Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>G\u00f6nderici, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya mallar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 tevdi eden taraft\u0131r. G\u00f6nderici, ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine dayanarak, mallar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler \u00fcstlenirken, ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00fcrecinde mallar \u00fczerinde belirli haklara da sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tehlikeli_Mallar_Hakkinda_Bildirim_Yukumlulugu\"><\/span>Tehlikeli Mallar Hakk\u0131nda Bildirim Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Ticaret Kanunu de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinin en \u00f6nemli noktalar\u0131ndan biri, Japonya Ticaret Kanunu&#8217;nun 572. maddesine eklenen tehlikeli mallar hakk\u0131nda bildirim y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu madde, g\u00f6ndericilere, &#8220;ta\u015f\u0131nan mallar\u0131n yan\u0131c\u0131, patlay\u0131c\u0131 veya di\u011fer tehlikeli \u00f6zelliklere sahip oldu\u011fu durumlarda, mallar\u0131 teslim etmeden \u00f6nce, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya bu durumu ve ilgili mallar\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131, niteli\u011fini ve g\u00fcvenli ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u00e7in gerekli di\u011fer bilgileri bildirmeleri&#8221; gerekti\u011fini belirtir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck, sadece tehlikeli olduklar\u0131n\u0131 bildirmekle kalmay\u0131p, g\u00fcvenli ta\u015f\u0131may\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in gerekli olan somut bilgilerin sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 talep eder ve ta\u015f\u0131man\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar. Bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yan &#8220;g\u00f6nderici&#8221;, sadece \u00fcreticilerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ta\u015f\u0131may\u0131 d\u00fczenleyenler, \u00f6rne\u011fin ticaret \u015firketleri veya forwarderlar (kargo ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015fletmeleri) de dahildir. Bu nokta, tedarik zincirine dahil olan arac\u0131 i\u015fletmeler i\u00e7in son derece \u00f6nemlidir. Arac\u0131 i\u015fletmeler, \u00fcreticilerden sa\u011flanan G\u00fcvenlik Veri Formlar\u0131 (SDS) gibi belgeleri sadece ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya iletmekle yasal y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini yerine getirmi\u015f say\u0131lmazlar. Sa\u011flanan bilgilerin do\u011fru ve yeterli oldu\u011funu do\u011frulamak ve ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya uygun \u015fekilde aktarmak i\u00e7in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131yabilirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>G\u00f6nderici bu bildirim y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ihlal eder ve bu nedenle zarar meydana gelirse, g\u00f6nderici ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 tazminat sorumlulu\u011fu ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu sorumluluk ihmal varsay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, ihmal olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6nderici taraf\u0131 kan\u0131tlayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece sorumluluktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle, tedarik zincirinin ortas\u0131nda yer alan \u015firketler, y\u00fck bilgilerinin do\u011frulu\u011funu do\u011frulamak ve ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya yap\u0131lan bildirimlerin kayd\u0131n\u0131 kesin olarak tutmak gibi s\u0131k\u0131 bir uyum sistemi olu\u015fturmak, bu yeni riski y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in zorunludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tasarruf_Hakki\"><\/span>Tasarruf Hakk\u0131<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>G\u00f6nderici, mallar var\u0131\u015f yerine ula\u015fana kadar, bu mallar \u00fczerinde belirli bir kontrol\u00fc elinde tutar. Japonya Ticaret Kanunu&#8217;nun 580. maddesi, g\u00f6ndericinin ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya ta\u015f\u0131may\u0131 durdurma, al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi veya di\u011fer tasarruflarda bulunma hakk\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131r. Bu, &#8220;tasarruf hakk\u0131&#8221; olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve \u00f6rne\u011fin, ticari bir partnerin iflas\u0131 gibi beklenmedik durumlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, g\u00f6ndericinin ta\u015f\u0131may\u0131 durdurmas\u0131na veya farkl\u0131 bir var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131na y\u00f6nlendirmesine olanak tan\u0131r. Ancak, bu hakk\u0131 kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, g\u00f6nderici, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n zaten ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131ma oran\u0131na g\u00f6re ta\u015f\u0131ma \u00fccreti veya tasarruf i\u00e7in ek olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan masraflar\u0131 \u00f6deme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcstlenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japonya%E2%80%99da_Tasima_Islerinde_Alicinin_Hak_ve_Yukumlulukleri\"><\/span>Japonya&#8217;da Ta\u015f\u0131ma \u0130\u015flerinde Al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n Hak ve Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Al\u0131c\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde, ta\u015f\u0131nan mallar\u0131 teslim almas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen taraf olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir. Al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n hukuki stat\u00fcs\u00fc, \u00f6zellikle ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 haklar\u0131, 2018 (Heisei 30) y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Ticaret Kanunu de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Haklarin_Kazanilmasi_ve_2018_Yilinda_Yapilan_Degisikligin_Etkisi\"><\/span>Haklar\u0131n Kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve 2018 Y\u0131l\u0131nda Yap\u0131lan De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin Etkisi<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Japon Ticaret Kanunu&#8217;nun 581. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131ma mallar\u0131n\u0131n var\u0131\u015f yerine ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n, g\u00f6nderenin ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinden do\u011fan haklar\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 haklar\u0131 kazanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Bu sayede, al\u0131c\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131ma mallar\u0131nda bir hasar olmas\u0131 durumunda, kendi ad\u0131na do\u011frudan ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 tazminat talebinde bulunabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu h\u00fck\u00fcmle ilgili olarak, 2018 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fiklik devrim niteli\u011finde bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik getirmi\u015ftir. De\u011fi\u015fiklik \u00f6ncesi Ticaret Kanunu&#8217;nda, al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n haklar\u0131 sadece ta\u015f\u0131ma mallar\u0131n\u0131n &#8220;var\u0131\u015f&#8221; yapmas\u0131 durumunda kazan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmekteydi. Bu nedenle, ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u0131ras\u0131nda mallar\u0131n tamamen kaybolmas\u0131 &#8220;tamamen yok olma&#8221; durumunda, mallar var\u0131\u015f yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in al\u0131c\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi \u00fczerinden hak kazanamaz ve ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 tazminat talebinde bulunamaz olarak yorumlanmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in, de\u011fi\u015fiklik sonras\u0131 Japon Ticaret Kanunu&#8217;nun 581. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131, &#8220;ta\u015f\u0131ma mallar\u0131 var\u0131\u015f yerine ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya ta\u015f\u0131ma mallar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 yok oldu\u011funda&#8221;, al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6nderen ile ayn\u0131 haklar\u0131 kazanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece, tamamen yok olma durumunda bile al\u0131c\u0131, do\u011frudan ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 tazminat talebinde bulunabilecek bir yol a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, al\u0131c\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131ma mallar\u0131n\u0131n teslimini veya tazminat talebini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00e7ift talebi \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla, g\u00f6nderen art\u0131k bu haklar\u0131 kullanamaz hale gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japon_Ticaret_Kanunu_ve_Inkoterms%E2%80%99in_Uyumlastirilmasi\"><\/span>Japon Ticaret Kanunu ve \u0130nkoterms&#8217;in Uyumla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Japon Ticaret Kanunu&#8217;nun 581. maddesinde yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklik, sadece i\u00e7 hukuk sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmekle kalmam\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda uluslararas\u0131 ticarette uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r devam eden sorunlara da yan\u0131t vermi\u015ftir. Uluslararas\u0131 ticarette, sat\u0131c\u0131 ve al\u0131c\u0131 aras\u0131nda maliyet ve risk ta\u015f\u0131ma kapsam\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek i\u00e7in &#8220;\u0130nkoterms&#8221; ad\u0131 verilen uluslararas\u0131 ticaret \u015fartlar\u0131 yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>FOB (Gemiye Teslim), CIF (Navlun ve Sigorta Dahil) veya CPT (Ta\u015f\u0131ma \u00dccreti Dahil) gibi yayg\u0131n \u0130nkoterms \u015fartlar\u0131nda, mallar\u0131n yok olmas\u0131 veya hasar g\u00f6rmesi riski, mallar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya teslim edildi\u011fi veya gemiye y\u00fcklendi\u011fi anda sat\u0131c\u0131dan (g\u00f6nderen) al\u0131c\u0131ya (al\u0131c\u0131) ge\u00e7mektedir. Ancak, de\u011fi\u015fiklik \u00f6ncesi Japon Ticaret Kanunu alt\u0131nda, riski ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 gereken al\u0131c\u0131, mallar\u0131n tamamen yok olmas\u0131 durumunda ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 dava a\u00e7ma hukuki stat\u00fcs\u00fcne sahip de\u011fildi ve hukuki stat\u00fcye sahip olan sat\u0131c\u0131 (g\u00f6nderen) zaten riski ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131yor oldu\u011fundan tazminat talebinde bulunma motivasyonuna sahip de\u011fildi. Bu, hukuk ve ticari uygulamalar aras\u0131ndaki uyumsuzluk, Japon ithalat\u00e7\u0131lar i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ticari risk olu\u015fturuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>581. maddenin de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, bu \u00e7eli\u015fkiyi do\u011frudan \u00e7\u00f6zm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Mallar\u0131n tamamen yok olmas\u0131 durumunda bile al\u0131c\u0131ya tazminat talep etme hakk\u0131 tan\u0131yarak, Japon Ticaret Kanunu, \u0130nkoterms&#8217;e dayal\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 risk ta\u015f\u0131ma kurallar\u0131 ile hukuki haklar\u0131n yerini uyumla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikle Japonya, uluslararas\u0131 ticaret yaparken daha g\u00fcvenli ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir bir hukuk alan\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Alicinin_Yukumlulukleri\"><\/span>Al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Al\u0131c\u0131 sadece haklara sahip olmakla kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda belirli y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri de \u00fcstlenir. En temel y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck, ta\u015f\u0131ma mallar\u0131n\u0131 teslim ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131ma \u00fccreti gibi \u00f6demeleri yapma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr (Japon Ticaret Kanunu&#8217;nun 581. maddesinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca, ta\u015f\u0131ma mallar\u0131nda hasar veya k\u0131smi yok olma durumunda ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funu sorgulamak i\u00e7in, al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 hareket etmesi gerekmektedir. Japon Ticaret Kanunu&#8217;nun 584. maddesi, al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n itiraz etmeksizin ta\u015f\u0131ma mallar\u0131n\u0131 teslim ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funun ortadan kalkaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Ancak, hemen fark edilemeyen hasar veya k\u0131smi yok olma durumlar\u0131 i\u00e7in, teslimattan itibaren iki hafta i\u00e7inde ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya bu durumu bildirirse, bu kural ge\u00e7erli olmayacakt\u0131r. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, ta\u015f\u0131ma ile ilgili anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 erken \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in konulmu\u015f olup, al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131ma mallar\u0131n\u0131 gecikmeksizin inceleme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc fiilen \u00fczerine y\u00fcklenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japonya%E2%80%99da_Tasima_Sozlesmesinde_Taraflarin_Sorumluluk_Iliskisinin_Karsilastirilmasi\"><\/span>Japonya&#8217;da Ta\u015f\u0131ma S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde Taraflar\u0131n Sorumluluk \u0130li\u015fkisinin Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Bug\u00fcne kadar ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131, y\u00fck g\u00f6nderen ve y\u00fck al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin ili\u015fkisini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda \u00f6zetliyoruz. Bu tablo, her bir taraf\u0131n temel hukuki durumunu genel bir bak\u0131\u015fla incelemek i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, bu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin \u00e7o\u011fu iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmler olup, ger\u00e7ek i\u015flemlerde s\u00f6zle\u015fme metni ve ta\u015f\u0131ma \u015fartnamelerinin i\u00e7eri\u011fi \u00f6ncelikli olabilece\u011fine dikkat etmek gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><td>Madde<\/td><td>Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131<\/td><td>Y\u00fck G\u00f6nderen<\/td><td>Y\u00fck Al\u0131c\u0131<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>As\u0131l Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck<\/td><td>E\u015fyay\u0131 g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde var\u0131\u015f yerine ta\u015f\u0131ma ve y\u00fck al\u0131c\u0131ya teslim etme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc.<\/td><td>Ta\u015f\u0131ma \u00fccretini \u00f6deme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc. Ta\u015f\u0131ma e\u015fyas\u0131n\u0131 teslim etme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc.<\/td><td>Ta\u015f\u0131ma e\u015fyas\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ta\u015f\u0131ma \u00fccreti gibi \u00f6demeleri yapma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Yok Olma &amp; Hasar Durumunda Sorumluluk<\/td><td>Teslim almadan teslimata kadar olan zararlardan sorumlu (kusur varsay\u0131m\u0131). Ancak, gerekli \u00f6zeni g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini kan\u0131tlarsa sorumluluktan muaf olabilir (Ticaret Kanunu Madde 575).<\/td><td>Esas olarak sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131maz. Ancak, ta\u015f\u0131ma e\u015fyas\u0131n\u0131n niteli\u011fi veya kusurlar\u0131, y\u00fck g\u00f6nderenin kusuru nedeniyle yok olursa, ta\u015f\u0131ma \u00fccretinin tamam\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc do\u011fabilir.<\/td><td>Sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131maz.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tehlikeli Maddelerle \u0130lgili Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck<\/td><td>G\u00fcvenli ta\u015f\u0131ma yapma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc.<\/td><td>Teslimattan \u00f6nce, g\u00fcvenli ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u00e7in gerekli olan bilgileri, tehlikeli maddenin nitelikleri gibi, bildirme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (Ticaret Kanunu Madde 572).<\/td><td>Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131maz.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>De\u011ferli E\u015fyalarla \u0130lgili Haklar &amp; Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler<\/td><td>Y\u00fck g\u00f6nderenden t\u00fcr &amp; de\u011fer bildirimi yap\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00e7a, esas olarak zarar tazminat\u0131 sorumlulu\u011fu ta\u015f\u0131maz (Ticaret Kanunu Madde 577).<\/td><td>Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funu takip etmek i\u00e7in, \u00f6nceden t\u00fcr &amp; de\u011feri bildirme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vard\u0131r.<\/td><td>Y\u00fck g\u00f6nderenin haklar\u0131n\u0131 devral\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Zarar Tazminat\u0131 Talep Hakk\u0131<\/td><td>Y\u00fck g\u00f6nderen &amp; y\u00fck al\u0131c\u0131dan ta\u015f\u0131ma \u00fccreti gibi \u00f6demeleri talep etme hakk\u0131.<\/td><td>Ta\u015f\u0131ma e\u015fyas\u0131n\u0131n yok olmas\u0131, hasar g\u00f6rmesi veya gecikmesi durumunda, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 zarar tazminat\u0131 talep etme hakk\u0131.<\/td><td>Ta\u015f\u0131ma e\u015fyas\u0131 var\u0131\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya tamamen yok oldu\u011funda, y\u00fck g\u00f6nderenle ayn\u0131 zarar tazminat\u0131 talep hakk\u0131n\u0131 kazan\u0131r (Ticaret Kanunu Madde 581).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ta\u015f\u0131ma E\u015fyas\u0131na Kar\u015f\u0131 Tasarruf Hakk\u0131<\/td><td>Esas olarak yoktur. Ancak, y\u00fck al\u0131c\u0131 belirsiz oldu\u011fu durumlarda, depozito veya a\u00e7\u0131k art\u0131rma yoluyla sat\u0131\u015f yapabilir (Ticaret Kanunu Madde 582).<\/td><td>Ta\u015f\u0131ma e\u015fyas\u0131 var\u0131\u015f yapana kadar, ta\u015f\u0131man\u0131n durdurulmas\u0131 veya y\u00fck al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi gibi taleplerde bulunma hakk\u0131 (Ticaret Kanunu Madde 580).<\/td><td>Esas olarak yoktur. Ancak, ta\u015f\u0131ma e\u015fyas\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131ktan sonra, sahibi olarak serbest\u00e7e tasarrufta bulunabilir.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ozet\"><\/span>\u00d6zet<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu makalede, Japonya&#8217;daki ticaret hukuku \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k i\u015fletmelerinin hukuki yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin temellerinden, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n, y\u00fck g\u00f6nderenlerin ve y\u00fck al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerine kadar detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131k. Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fu, kusurun varsay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara sorumluluk ilkesine dayan\u0131rken, de\u011ferli e\u015fyalar i\u00e7in \u00f6zel kurallar belirlenmi\u015ftir. Y\u00fck g\u00f6nderenlere, \u00f6zellikle 2018 (Heisei 30) y\u0131l\u0131ndaki yasal d\u00fczenleme ile a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilen tehlikeli maddelerin bildirim y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi \u00f6nemli sorumluluklar y\u00fcklenmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, y\u00fck al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n konumu bu d\u00fczenleme ile b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015f, ta\u015f\u0131nan mallar\u0131n tamamen yok olmas\u0131 durumunda bile ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 tazminat talebinde bulunulabilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn hale gelmi\u015f ve Incoterms gibi uluslararas\u0131 ticaret adetleriyle uyum sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yasal d\u00fczenlemeler, Japonya&#8217;n\u0131n lojistik yasalar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fcresel standartlara uyumlu hale getirerek, i\u015flemlerin \u015feffafl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fini art\u0131rmada b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ilerleme olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ancak, en \u00f6nemli nokta, bu ticaret hukuku h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin \u00e7o\u011funun iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 kurallar olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, yasal olarak belirlenen kurallar\u0131n, taraflar aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131 bir anla\u015fma olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde yaln\u0131zca varsay\u0131lan kurallar oldu\u011fu ve nihai hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck ili\u015fkisinin bireysel ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ve standart ta\u015f\u0131ma \u015fartlar\u0131 ile belirlenece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, lojistik sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde faaliyet g\u00f6steren \u015firketler i\u00e7in, Japon ticaret hukukunun h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini anlamak elbette \u00f6nemlidir; ancak bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u015firketin risklerini uygun \u015fekilde y\u00f6netmek ve karlar\u0131 maksimize etmek i\u00e7in s\u00f6zle\u015fme m\u00fczakerelerinde ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme i\u00e7eri\u011finin detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde incelenmesinde hukuki bilgiyi aktif olarak kullanmak da hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Monolith Hukuk B\u00fcrosu, yurt i\u00e7i ve yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bir\u00e7ok m\u00fc\u015fteriye, Japon ta\u015f\u0131ma ve lojistik hukuku konusunda geni\u015f bir dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k deneyimi sunmaktad\u0131r. 2018 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ticaret hukuku d\u00fczenlemelerinde meydana gelen \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fikliklere uyum sa\u011flama da dahil olmak \u00fczere, Japon ticaret hukukunun ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k i\u015fletmeleri i\u00e7in belirledi\u011fi her y\u00f6n\u00fc kapsayan, derin uzmanl\u0131k bilgisine dayal\u0131 destek sa\u011fl\u0131yoruz. B\u00fcromuzda, yabanc\u0131 avukatl\u0131k niteliklerine sahip \u0130ngilizce konu\u015fan avukatlar da dahil olmak \u00fczere, \u00e7ift dilli avukatlar bulunmaktad\u0131r ve bu sayede Japon yasal d\u00fczenlemeleri ile k\u00fcresel i\u015f uygulamalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc olu\u015fturarak, net ve pratik hukuki tavsiyelerde bulunabilmekteyiz. Karma\u015f\u0131k tedarik zinciri s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131ndan, bireysel ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin m\u00fczakerelerine, y\u00fck taleplerinde temsilcilik hizmetlerine kadar, Monolith Hukuk B\u00fcrosu, Japonya&#8217;daki yasal \u00e7evrede \u015firketinizin i\u015f haklar\u0131n\u0131 korumak ve tam bir uyum sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in gerekli uzman hukuki deste\u011fi sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Global \u015firketler i\u00e7in, Japonya pazar\u0131ndaki ba\u015far\u0131, etkin ve hukuki olarak sa\u011flam bir tedarik zinciri olu\u015fturmakla yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkilidir. \u00dcr\u00fcnlerin fabrikadan t\u00fcketiciye veya i\u015f ortaklar\u0131na ula\u015fana kada [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":74385,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[24,89],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74384"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=74384"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74384\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":74556,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74384\/revisions\/74556"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/74385"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=74384"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=74384"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=74384"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}