{"id":74402,"date":"2025-10-06T01:06:01","date_gmt":"2025-10-05T16:06:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/?p=74402"},"modified":"2025-10-13T05:22:30","modified_gmt":"2025-10-12T20:22:30","slug":"labor-contract-formation-japan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/labor-contract-formation-japan","title":{"rendered":"Japonya'da \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Kurulmas\u0131: Tan\u0131m, Teklif ve Kabul, \u0130ma Yoluyla Kurulu\u015f, Ge\u00e7ersizlik ve \u0130ptal Sebeplerine Hukuki A\u00e7\u0131klama"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Japonya&#8217;da i\u015fletme y\u00f6netirken, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin kurulmas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda do\u011fru bir hukuki anlay\u0131\u015f, beklenmedik hukuki riskleri \u00f6nlemek ve istikrarl\u0131 bir i\u015fveren-i\u015f\u00e7i ili\u015fkisi kurmak i\u00e7in temel olu\u015fturur. Japon i\u015f hukuku, sadece yaz\u0131l\u0131 anla\u015fmalar\u0131 de\u011fil, i\u015fveren ve i\u015f\u00e7i aras\u0131ndaki ger\u00e7ek ili\u015fkileri de \u00f6nemser. \u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin nas\u0131l kuruldu\u011funu ve hangi durumlarda etkinli\u011finin tart\u0131\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fini anlamak, y\u00f6netimsel kararlar al\u0131rken elzemdir. \u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin kurulmas\u0131, ba\u015fl\u0131ca Japon \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi Kanunu ve Japon Medeni Kanunu h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ile d\u00fczenlenir. Ancak, bu yasalar\u0131n maddelerini yorumlamak ve somut olaylara uygulamak \u00fczere, mahkemelerin y\u0131llar boyunca biriktirdi\u011fi yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131 son derece \u00f6nemli bir rol oynar. \u00d6zellikle, i\u015fe al\u0131m tekliflerinin hukuki niteli\u011fi, hizmet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi imzalanan bireylerle istemeden i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi kurulmas\u0131 riski ve i\u015fe al\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00f6zge\u00e7mi\u015f sahtecili\u011fi gibi durumlar, bir\u00e7ok \u015firketin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlard\u0131r. Bu makalede, \u00f6ncelikle i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin hukuki tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle onun \u00e7ekirde\u011fini olu\u015fturan &#8216;ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkisi&#8217; kavram\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131z. Ard\u0131ndan, Japon Medeni Kanunu&#8217;nun prensiplerine dayanan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin kurulma s\u00fcreci, yani i\u015fe al\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde &#8216;teklif&#8217; ve &#8216;kabul&#8217;\u00fcn nas\u0131l uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 somut olarak anlat\u0131r\u0131z. Ayr\u0131ca, a\u00e7\u0131k bir anla\u015fma olmaks\u0131z\u0131n i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n kabul edilebilece\u011fi &#8216;z\u0131mni kurulu\u015f&#8217; konusunu, yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131yla birlikte risklerini ve karar kriterlerini analiz ederiz. Son olarak, doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, zorlama, yan\u0131lma gibi irade beyan\u0131n\u0131n kusurlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fine etkilerini, her birinin hukuki gereklilikleri ve etkileri ile ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak inceleriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_53 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/labor-contract-formation-japan\/#Japonya%E2%80%99da_Is_Sozlesmesinin_Tanimi\" title=\"Japonya&#8217;da \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Tan\u0131m\u0131\">Japonya&#8217;da \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Tan\u0131m\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/labor-contract-formation-japan\/#Is_Sozlesmesinin_Kurulmasi_Teklif_ve_Kabul\" title=\"\u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Kurulmas\u0131: Teklif ve Kabul\">\u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Kurulmas\u0131: Teklif ve Kabul<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/labor-contract-formation-japan\/#Japonya%E2%80%99da_Implied_Is_Sozlesmesinin_Kurulmasi\" title=\"Japonya&#8217;da \u0130mplied \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Kurulmas\u0131\">Japonya&#8217;da \u0130mplied \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Kurulmas\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/labor-contract-formation-japan\/#Japon_Is_Hukuku_Altinda_Is_Sozlesmesinin_Gecersizligi_veya_Iptali\" title=\"Japon \u0130\u015f Hukuku Alt\u0131nda \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Ge\u00e7ersizli\u011fi veya \u0130ptali\">Japon \u0130\u015f Hukuku Alt\u0131nda \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Ge\u00e7ersizli\u011fi veya \u0130ptali<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/labor-contract-formation-japan\/#Dolandiricilik\" title=\"Doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k\">Doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/labor-contract-formation-japan\/#Zorlama\" title=\"Zorlama\">Zorlama<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/labor-contract-formation-japan\/#Hata\" title=\"Hata\">Hata<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/labor-contract-formation-japan\/#Karsilastirma_Tablosu_Japonya%E2%80%99da_Dolandiricilik_Zorlama_ve_Hata\" title=\"Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma Tablosu: Japonya&#8217;da Doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, Zorlama ve Hata\">Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma Tablosu: Japonya&#8217;da Doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, Zorlama ve Hata<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/labor-contract-formation-japan\/#Ozet\" title=\"\u00d6zet\">\u00d6zet<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japonya%E2%80%99da_Is_Sozlesmesinin_Tanimi\"><\/span>Japonya&#8217;da \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Tan\u0131m\u0131<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Japon \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi Kanunu&#8217;nun 6. maddesi, &#8220;\u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fveren taraf\u0131ndan istihdam edilerek \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015fverenin buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00fccret \u00f6dedi\u011fi konusunda i\u015f\u00e7i ve i\u015fverenin anla\u015fmas\u0131yla kurulur&#8221; \u015feklinde h\u00fck\u00fcm vermektedir. Bu maddede &#8220;i\u015f\u00e7i&#8221;, i\u015fveren taraf\u0131ndan istihdam edilerek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve \u00fccret \u00f6denen ki\u015fiyi, &#8220;i\u015fveren&#8221; ise i\u015f\u00e7iye \u00fccret \u00f6deyen ki\u015fiyi ifade eder (ayn\u0131 kanunun 2. maddesi). Bu tan\u0131m ilk bak\u0131\u015fta basit g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ad\u0131 &#8220;hizmet al\u0131m s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi&#8221; veya &#8220;ta\u015feronluk s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi&#8221; olsa bile, ger\u00e7ekte bu tan\u0131ma uyuyorsa, hukuki olarak i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilece\u011fi noktas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemede mahkemelerin en \u00e7ok \u00f6nem verdi\u011fi kriter &#8220;i\u015fveren ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8221;d\u0131r. \u0130\u015fveren ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, esas olarak iki unsurdan olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130lk unsur, &#8220;i\u015fverenin y\u00f6netim ve denetimi alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma&#8221; olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fverenin talimatlar\u0131na g\u00f6re i\u015fi y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcp y\u00fcr\u00fctmedi\u011fini ifade eder. \u00d6zellikle, i\u015fin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesine ili\u015fkin somut talimat ve emirleri reddetme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn olmamas\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yeri ve saatlerinin y\u00f6netilip k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131, ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n yerine i\u015fi y\u00fcr\u00fctme izninin verilmemesi gibi unsurlar, y\u00f6netim ve denetim ili\u015fkisini do\u011frulayan fakt\u00f6rler olarak de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130kinci unsur, &#8220;\u00fccretin emek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmas\u0131&#8221;d\u0131r. Bu, \u00f6denen \u00fccretin i\u015fin tamamlanmas\u0131 gibi bir sonu\u00e7 yerine, i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn sunulmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6denip \u00f6denmedi\u011fini belirtir. \u00dccretin saatlik veya ayl\u0131k gibi bir \u015fekilde hesapland\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlar, devams\u0131zl\u0131k halinde \u00fccretten kesinti yap\u0131lmas\u0131, fazla mesai i\u00e7in \u00f6deme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi durumlar, \u00fccretin eme\u011fin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak niteli\u011fini g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir \u015firket birey ile &#8220;hizmet al\u0131m s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi&#8221; imzalam\u0131\u015f olsa bile, ger\u00e7ek i\u015fletme uygulamalar\u0131nda \u015firketin bu bireye somut i\u015f talimatlar\u0131 verdi\u011fi, zaman k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00fccreti saatlik olarak \u00f6dedi\u011fi gibi bir durum varsa, mahkeme bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi olarak kabul edebilir. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya bi\u00e7imi de\u011fil, i\u015fin ger\u00e7ek durumu, onun hukuki niteli\u011fini belirleyen temel bir Japon i\u015f hukuku prensibidir. Bu nedenle, s\u00f6zle\u015fme t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc se\u00e7erken, sadece ad\u0131na de\u011fil, planlanan i\u015fin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclme y\u00f6nteminin hukuki olarak nas\u0131l de\u011ferlendirilece\u011fini dikkatlice g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmak gereklidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Is_Sozlesmesinin_Kurulmasi_Teklif_ve_Kabul\"><\/span>\u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Kurulmas\u0131: Teklif ve Kabul<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi de bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme t\u00fcr\u00fc oldu\u011fundan, kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Japonya medeni hukukunun genel ilkeleri uygulan\u0131r. Japonya medeni hukukunun 522. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131na g\u00f6re, s\u00f6zle\u015fme, &#8220;s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin i\u00e7eri\u011fini belirterek onun akdedilmesini teklif eden irade beyan\u0131 (bundan sonra &#8216;teklif&#8217; olarak an\u0131lacakt\u0131r.) kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda muhatap taraf\u0131n kabul etmesiyle kurulur&#8221; \u015feklinde h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, ayn\u0131 maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131, \u00f6zel bir yasal d\u00fczenleme olmad\u0131k\u00e7a, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir belge olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir ve s\u00f6zl\u00fc anla\u015fmayla da s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7erli olarak kurulabilece\u011fini ifade eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu ilkeyi istihdam ili\u015fkilerine uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, i\u015fe al\u0131m s\u00fcrecindeki belirli eylemlerin hukuki bir &#8216;teklif&#8217; ve &#8216;kabul&#8217; olarak kabul edilebilece\u011fi ve taraflar\u0131n istemeden bir i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin kurulmu\u015f oldu\u011fu sonucuna var\u0131labilece\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Genellikle, i\u015f arayan\u0131n bir \u015firketin ilan\u0131na ba\u015fvurmas\u0131, \u00f6zge\u00e7mi\u015f sunmas\u0131 ve m\u00fclakata kat\u0131lmas\u0131, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi akdetme &#8216;teklifi&#8217; olarak yorumlan\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, \u015firketin i\u015f arayana i\u015fe al\u0131m karar\u0131n\u0131 bildirmesi, yani &#8216;i\u015fe al\u0131m teklifi (teklif)&#8217; sunmas\u0131, teklife kar\u015f\u0131 &#8216;kabul&#8217; olarak de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sonu\u00e7 olarak, \u015firketin i\u015fe al\u0131m teklifini iletti\u011fi anda, \u015firket ile aday aras\u0131nda hukuki olarak bir i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi kurulmu\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r. Bu s\u00f6zle\u015fme, \u00e7o\u011fu durumda &#8216;ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 tarihli fesih hakk\u0131 sakl\u0131 i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi&#8217; olarak anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bu, &#8216;ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 tarihli&#8217; yani gelecekteki belirli bir g\u00fcn (\u00f6rne\u011fin, ertesi y\u0131l\u0131n 1 Nisan\u0131) itibar\u0131yla i\u015fin ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 ve &#8216;fesih hakk\u0131 sakl\u0131&#8217; yani \u015firketin belirli bir durum meydana geldi\u011finde s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi feshetme hakk\u0131n\u0131 sakl\u0131 tuttu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Burada son derece \u00f6nemli olan, i\u015fe al\u0131m teklifinin sadece resmi olmayan bir s\u00f6z olmaktan \u00f6te, hukuki olarak ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 bir i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin kuruldu\u011funu ifade etmesidir. Bu nedenle, \u015firketin bir kez verdi\u011fi i\u015fe al\u0131m teklifini geri \u00e7ekmesi, yeni bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi reddetmek de\u011fil, zaten kurulmu\u015f bir i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesini &#8216;feshetmek&#8217; olarak kabul edilir. Japon i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi hukukunun 16. maddesi, &#8220;Fesih, objektif olarak makul bir nedeni olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ve toplumun genel kabul\u00fcne uygun bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde, bu hakk\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fu&#8221; \u015feklinde h\u00fck\u00fcm verir. Bu nedenle, i\u015fe al\u0131m teklifinin iptali, i\u015fe al\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda bilinmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan ciddi bir \u00f6zge\u00e7mi\u015f sahtecili\u011finin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 veya aday\u0131n e\u011fitimini tamamlayamay\u0131p mezun olamamas\u0131 gibi, objektif olarak makul ve toplumun genel kabul\u00fcne uygun olarak kabul edilebilecek, son derece s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 durumlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ge\u00e7erli kabul edilmez. Hafife al\u0131nan i\u015fe al\u0131m teklifi iptalleri, hukuki olarak ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131lma riski \u00e7ok y\u00fcksektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japonya%E2%80%99da_Implied_Is_Sozlesmesinin_Kurulmasi\"><\/span>Japonya&#8217;da \u0130mplied \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Kurulmas\u0131<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, yaz\u0131l\u0131 veya s\u00f6zl\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k bir anla\u015fma olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, taraflar\u0131n eylemleriyle &#8220;implied&#8221; (z\u0131mni) olarak kurulabilir. Bu, \u015firketlerin hukuki risk y\u00f6netimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6zellikle dikkat etmeleri gereken bir aland\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, \u015firket taraf\u0131ndan bir istihdam ili\u015fkisi olarak alg\u0131lanmayan bireylerle bile, yasal olarak bir i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ili\u015fkisinin var oldu\u011fu yarg\u0131lanabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu sorun, &#8220;sahte ta\u015feronluk&#8221; olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan durumlarda en belirgin \u015fekilde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu durum, resmi olarak \u015firketler aras\u0131nda i\u015f g\u00f6revlendirme veya ta\u015feronluk s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, i\u015fi veren \u015firketin (kullan\u0131c\u0131 \u015firket), i\u015fi alan \u015firketin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131na do\u011frudan talimat vererek ve kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131ym\u0131\u015f gibi i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 durumunu ifade eder. Bu t\u00fcr durumlarda, kullan\u0131c\u0131 \u015firket ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan aras\u0131nda do\u011frudan bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme ili\u015fkisi olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ger\u00e7ekli\u011finden dolay\u0131 &#8220;implied i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi&#8221;nin kuruldu\u011fu mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu konuda \u00f6nemli bir yarg\u0131 karar\u0131 olarak Shin-K\u014dnan Steel Material olay\u0131 g\u00f6sterilebilir. Bu olayda mahkeme, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n kullan\u0131c\u0131 \u015firketin \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine entegre edildi\u011fini, devam kontrol\u00fcne tabi tutuldu\u011funu ve fazla mesai emirlerinin de kullan\u0131c\u0131 \u015firketin do\u011frudan talimatlar\u0131na dayanarak verildi\u011fini vurgulad\u0131. Ve &#8220;G\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u015firketin bunu kabul etti\u011fi s\u00fcrece, taraflar aras\u0131nda en az\u0131ndan z\u0131mnen bir istihdam s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi kurulmu\u015ftur&#8221; \u015feklinde karar verdi. Bu karar, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin formundan ziyade \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ger\u00e7ekli\u011fine \u00f6ncelik veren yarg\u0131n\u0131n tutumunu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca, Osaka Y\u00fcksek Mahkemesi&#8217;nin 2008 y\u0131l\u0131 25 Nisan tarihli karar\u0131, sahte ta\u015feronlu\u011fun hukuki yap\u0131s\u0131na dair derinlemesine bir de\u011ferlendirme sunmu\u015ftur. Bu olayda mahkeme, \u00f6ncelikle kullan\u0131c\u0131 \u015firket ile insan kaynaklar\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u015firket aras\u0131ndaki i\u015f g\u00f6revlendirme s\u00f6zle\u015fmesini ve insan kaynaklar\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u015firket ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan aras\u0131ndaki i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesini, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sa\u011flamay\u0131 yasaklayan kanuna ayk\u0131r\u0131 ve kamu d\u00fczenine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak ge\u00e7ersiz ilan etti. Bunun \u00fczerine, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini inceleyerek, kullan\u0131c\u0131 \u015firketin i\u015fe al\u0131m\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve \u00fccret \u00f6demelerini esasen belirledi\u011fini ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 do\u011frudan y\u00f6netti\u011fini tespit ederek, kullan\u0131c\u0131 \u015firket ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan aras\u0131nda do\u011frudan bir &#8220;implied i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi&#8221;nin kuruldu\u011funa h\u00fckmetti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi, implied i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin kurulup kurulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, hukuk departman\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme i\u00e7eri\u011fiyle de\u011fil, saha y\u00f6neticilerinin g\u00fcnl\u00fck olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlarla nas\u0131l ili\u015fki kurdu\u011fu &#8220;operasyon&#8221; ile belirlendi\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fidir. Saha y\u00f6neticileri, d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan hizmet al\u0131nan personel ile i\u015fin nas\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclece\u011fi konusunda detayl\u0131 talimatlar verir, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerini y\u00f6netir veya do\u011frudan i\u015f de\u011ferlendirmesi yaparsa, bu eylemler kullan\u0131m ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ili\u015fkisinin kan\u0131t\u0131 olarak kabul edilebilir ve istenmeyen bir i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin kurulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir. Bu nedenle, bu t\u00fcr riskleri \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in, uygun s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, saha y\u00f6neticilerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar ve d\u0131\u015f hizmet al\u0131nan personel aras\u0131ndaki hukuki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a e\u011fitilmesi ve bu kurallara uyulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in i\u00e7 denetimlerin \u015fart oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japon_Is_Hukuku_Altinda_Is_Sozlesmesinin_Gecersizligi_veya_Iptali\"><\/span>Japon \u0130\u015f Hukuku Alt\u0131nda \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Ge\u00e7ersizli\u011fi veya \u0130ptali<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Di\u011fer s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde oldu\u011fu gibi, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi de taraflar\u0131n anla\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki irade beyan\u0131nda hukuki bir kusur (ay\u0131p) bulunmas\u0131 durumunda, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi inkar edilebilir. Japon Medeni Kanunu, ana kusurlar olarak &#8216;doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k&#8217;, &#8216;zorlama&#8217; ve &#8216;yan\u0131lma&#8217; gibi durumlar\u0131 belirlemekte ve bu h\u00fck\u00fcmler i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine de uygulanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dolandiricilik\"><\/span>Doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Japonya Medeni Kanunu&#8217;nun 96. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131, doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k yoluyla yap\u0131lan irade beyan\u0131n\u0131n iptal edilebilece\u011fini h\u00fckme ba\u011flamaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ba\u011flam\u0131nda doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k en s\u0131k, i\u015f arayanlar\u0131n &#8220;\u00f6zge\u00e7mi\u015f sahtecili\u011fi&#8221; yapmas\u0131 durumunda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. E\u011fitim ge\u00e7mi\u015fi, i\u015f deneyimi, su\u00e7 kayd\u0131 gibi konularda yalan beyanda bulunarak \u015firketi yan\u0131lt\u0131p i\u015fe al\u0131nma durumu buna \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ancak, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yalan beyan otomatik olarak s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin iptali veya fesih sebebi olmaz. Mahkemeler, sahtecili\u011fin &#8220;\u00f6nemli&#8221; olmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Yani, \u015firket ger\u00e7ekleri bilseydi o \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 i\u015fe almayaca\u011f\u0131 kadar \u00f6nemli konularda yalan s\u00f6ylenmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu konuda \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil eden bir dava, Sumiken Seiko olay\u0131d\u0131r (Japonya Y\u00fcksek Mahkemesi 1991 y\u0131l\u0131 (1991) 19 Eyl\u00fcl karar\u0131). Bu davada Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme, bir i\u015f\u00e7inin \u015firketin i\u015fe al\u0131m politikas\u0131na (yaln\u0131zca lise mezunlar\u0131n\u0131 hedef almak) uyum sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00fcniversite mezuniyetini gizledi\u011fi ve ayn\u0131 zamanda bir ceza davas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde oldu\u011funu saklad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumu incelemi\u015f ve disiplin fesih karar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7erli bulmu\u015ftur. Mahkeme, i\u015f ili\u015fkisinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00fcven ili\u015fkisine dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulayarak, i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00f6nemli \u00f6zge\u00e7mi\u015f bilgileri hakk\u0131nda do\u011fruyu s\u00f6yleme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca, Grabas olay\u0131nda (Tokyo B\u00f6lge Mahkemesi 2004 y\u0131l\u0131 (2004) 17 Aral\u0131k karar\u0131), belirli bir programlama becerisine (JAVA) sahip oldu\u011funu yalan s\u00f6yleyerek i\u015fe al\u0131nan bir programc\u0131n\u0131n feshinin ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funa karar verilmi\u015ftir. Bu durumda, istenen temel yeteneklerin eksikli\u011fi, \u00f6nemli bir sahtecilik olarak de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zge\u00e7mi\u015f sahtecili\u011fini gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stererek s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi iptal etmek veya fesih etmek istedi\u011finizde, bu sahtecili\u011fin i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin kurulmas\u0131 veya ifas\u0131yla ilgili temel bir konu olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dikkatlice de\u011ferlendirmeniz gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zorlama\"><\/span>Zorlama<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Japon Medeni Kanunu&#8217;nun 96. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131, zorlama yoluyla yap\u0131lan irade beyan\u0131n\u0131n iptal edilebilece\u011fini h\u00fckme ba\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Zorlama, haks\u0131z bir \u015fekilde zarar verilece\u011fini bildirerek kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa korku (endi\u015fe) uyand\u0131rmak ve sonucunda irade beyan\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130\u015f ili\u015fkilerinde, \u00f6rne\u011fin, i\u015fverenin i\u015f\u00e7iye kar\u015f\u0131, i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma tehdidi gibi haks\u0131z bask\u0131 uygulayarak maa\u015f kesintisi veya istifaya raz\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Ancak, hakl\u0131 bir sebebe dayanarak yap\u0131lan disiplin cezas\u0131n\u0131n ima edilmesi, hemen haks\u0131z bir zorlama olarak kabul edilmez. Bir eylemin zorlama olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilmesi i\u00e7in, kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemlerin ve ama\u00e7lar\u0131n toplum normlar\u0131na g\u00f6re kabul edilemez haks\u0131z bir nitelikte olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca, zorlaman\u0131n derecesi son derece \u015fiddetli oldu\u011fu ve irade beyan eden ki\u015finin \u00f6zg\u00fcr iradesinin tamamen ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, bu irade beyan\u0131 iptal sorunu olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan itibaren &#8216;ge\u00e7ersiz&#8217; olarak kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hata\"><\/span>Hata<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Japon Medeni Kanunu&#8217;nun 95. maddesi, yani &#8216;yan\u0131lg\u0131&#8217; temelinde yap\u0131lan irade beyan\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l ele al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemektedir<sup><\/sup>. 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren de\u011fi\u015fiklikle, yan\u0131lg\u0131n\u0131n etkisi geleneksel &#8216;ge\u00e7ersizlik&#8217;ten &#8216;iptal&#8217;e d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr<sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yan\u0131lg\u0131, esas olarak iki t\u00fcre ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Birincisi &#8216;ifade yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131&#8217;d\u0131r ve bu, i\u00e7sel niyet ile d\u0131\u015fa yans\u0131yan ifade aras\u0131nda bir uyumsuzluk oldu\u011funda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar (\u00f6rne\u011fin: &#8216;Ayl\u0131k maa\u015f 1 milyon yen&#8217; demek isterken yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla &#8216;Ayl\u0131k maa\u015f 10 milyon yen&#8217; olarak yaz\u0131lmas\u0131)<sup><\/sup>. Di\u011feri ise &#8216;motive yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131&#8217;d\u0131r ve irade beyan\u0131nda bulunmaya sevk eden motivasyonda bir yan\u0131lg\u0131 oldu\u011funda meydana gelir<sup><\/sup>. Motive yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stererek bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi iptal etmek i\u00e7in, o motivasyonun s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin temeli olarak kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa ifade edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir<sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yan\u0131lg\u0131 nedeniyle iptalin kabul edilebilmesi i\u00e7in, yan\u0131lg\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin amac\u0131 veya toplumsal normlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan &#8216;\u00f6nemli&#8217; olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca, irade beyan\u0131nda bulunan ki\u015fide ciddi bir kusur varsa, prensip olarak iptal edilemez. Ancak, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n irade beyan\u0131nda bulunan ki\u015finin yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bilmesi veya kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n da ayn\u0131 yan\u0131lg\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131 durumunda, istisnai olarak iptal m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr<sup><\/sup>. \u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde, \u00f6rne\u011fin, taraflar\u0131n her ikisinin de belirli bir niteli\u011fi temel bir yan\u0131lg\u0131 ile anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin temeli olarak g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi durumlarda, yan\u0131lg\u0131 nedeniyle iptal g\u00fcndeme gelebilir<sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Karsilastirma_Tablosu_Japonya%E2%80%99da_Dolandiricilik_Zorlama_ve_Hata\"><\/span>Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma Tablosu: Japonya&#8217;da Doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, Zorlama ve Hata<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, zorlama ve hata, hepsi irade beyan\u0131n\u0131n kusurlar\u0131yla ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir, ancak gereklilikleri ve etkileri, \u00f6zellikle \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filerle olan ili\u015fkilerde \u00f6nemli farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6sterir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablo, bu farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6zetlemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><td>Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc<\/td><td>Doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/td><td>Zorlama<\/td><td>Hata<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Yasal Dayanak<\/td><td>Japon Medeni Kanunu&#8217;nun 96. maddesi<\/td><td>Japon Medeni Kanunu&#8217;nun 96. maddesi<\/td><td>Japon Medeni Kanunu&#8217;nun 95. maddesi<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gereklilik<\/td><td>Aldat\u0131c\u0131 eylemlerle yan\u0131lt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmak ve sonucunda irade beyan\u0131nda bulunmak.<\/td><td>Yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir tehdit ile korkutulmu\u015f olmak ve sonucunda irade beyan\u0131nda bulunmak.<\/td><td>\u0130rade beyan\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fi veya dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlar hakk\u0131ndaki alg\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7eklerden farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131 ve bu durumun \u00f6nemli olmas\u0131.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hukuki Etki<\/td><td>\u0130ptal<\/td><td>\u0130ptal<\/td><td>\u0130ptal<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Beyan Sahibinin A\u011f\u0131r Kusuru<\/td><td>A\u011f\u0131r kusur olsa bile iptal m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/td><td>A\u011f\u0131r kusur olsa bile iptal m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/td><td>A\u011f\u0131r kusur varsa, genellikle iptal m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil. Ancak istisnalar vard\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Ki\u015fi Korunmas\u0131<\/td><td>\u0130yi niyetli ve kusursuz \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere kar\u015f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclemez.<\/td><td>\u0130yi niyetli \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere kar\u015f\u0131 da ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebilir.<\/td><td>\u0130yi niyetli ve kusursuz \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere kar\u015f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclemez.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ozet\"><\/span>\u00d6zet<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Japonya&#8217;daki i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin kurulmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin yasal d\u00fczenlemeler, sadece s\u00f6zle\u015fme belgesi \u015feklinde de\u011fil, i\u015fveren ve i\u015f\u00e7i aras\u0131ndaki ger\u00e7ek ili\u015fkiyi derinlemesine sorgulayan niteliktedir. Bu makalede a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, bir i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7erli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, &#8216;i\u015f\u00e7i ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217; ger\u00e7e\u011fine dayanarak de\u011ferlendirilir ve i\u015fe al\u0131m teklifinin bildirimi, yasal olarak ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme olarak kabul edilir. Ayr\u0131ca, saha y\u00f6neticilerinin g\u00fcnl\u00fck eylemleri, istemeden d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen personelle &#8216;z\u0131mni i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi&#8217; kurma riskini de beraberinde getirebilir. Dahas\u0131, i\u015fe al\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sahte ge\u00e7mi\u015f gibi sorunlar, Japon Medeni Kanunu&#8217;nun doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k veya yan\u0131lma gibi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine dayanarak, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini temelden sarsma potansiyeline sahiptir. Bu yasal ilkeleri do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde anlamak ve i\u015fe al\u0131m s\u00fcrecinden g\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u015f\u00e7i y\u00f6netimine kadar tutarl\u0131 bir uyum sistemi olu\u015fturmak, Japonya&#8217;da i\u015f yapman\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir anahtar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Monolith Hukuk B\u00fcrosu, Japonya&#8217;da i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin kurulmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin bu makalede ele al\u0131nan konularda, geni\u015f bir m\u00fc\u015fteri yelpazesine zengin tavsiye ve uygulama deneyimi sunmaktad\u0131r. B\u00fcromuzda, \u00e7e\u015fitli yabanc\u0131 avukatl\u0131k niteliklerine sahip \u0130ngilizce konu\u015fan bir\u00e7ok avukat bulunmakta ve uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f geli\u015ftiren \u015firketlerin Japon karma\u015f\u0131k i\u015f hukukuna uygun hareket etmelerini ve yasal riskleri uygun \u015fekilde y\u00f6netmelerini sa\u011flayacak uzman destek sunabilmektedir. \u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin imzalanmas\u0131, i\u015fe al\u0131m uygulamalar\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i uyum sisteminin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 gibi her y\u00f6n\u00fcyle \u015firketinizin i\u015flerini yasal olarak desteklemeye haz\u0131r\u0131z.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Japonya&#8217;da i\u015fletme y\u00f6netirken, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin kurulmas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda do\u011fru bir hukuki anlay\u0131\u015f, beklenmedik hukuki riskleri \u00f6nlemek ve istikrarl\u0131 bir i\u015fveren-i\u015f\u00e7i ili\u015fkisi kurmak i\u00e7in temel olu\u015ftur [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":74403,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[24,89],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74402"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=74402"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74402\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":74558,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74402\/revisions\/74558"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/74403"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=74402"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=74402"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=74402"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}