{"id":74412,"date":"2025-10-06T01:06:01","date_gmt":"2025-10-05T16:06:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/?p=74412"},"modified":"2025-10-13T05:13:32","modified_gmt":"2025-10-12T20:13:32","slug":"anonymous-partnership-japan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/anonymous-partnership-japan","title":{"rendered":"Japonya Ticaret Hukukunda Tokumei Kumiai'nin Hukuki \u0130\u015fleyi\u015fi: Yap\u0131, Sorumluluk Alan\u0131 ve Zararlar\u0131n \u0130\u015flenmesine Dair Kapsaml\u0131 A\u00e7\u0131klama"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Japonya&#8217;da ticaret hukuku kapsam\u0131nda belirlenen i\u015fletme t\u00fcrlerinden biri anonim ortakl\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu sistem, belirli bir i\u015f i\u00e7in sermaye sa\u011flayan yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar ile bu sermayeyi kullanarak i\u015fi y\u00fcr\u00fcten i\u015fletmeciler aras\u0131ndaki s\u00f6zle\u015fme ili\u015fkisine dayan\u0131r. Anonim ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en belirgin \u00f6zelli\u011fi, yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 olan anonim ortaklar\u0131n d\u0131\u015far\u0131daki \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere kar\u015f\u0131 isim veya unvanlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klanmamas\u0131 ve sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131m miktar\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu esneklik ve gizlilik sayesinde, anonim ortakl\u0131k gayrimenkul yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131, film ve i\u00e7erik \u00fcretimi finansman\u0131, giri\u015fim sermayesi fonlar\u0131 gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli proje finansman\u0131 alanlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak, onun hukuki niteli\u011fi, t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fe sahip \u015firketler gibi organizasyonlardan temelde farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Anonim ortakl\u0131k, t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi olmayan saf bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme ili\u015fkisidir. Bu ger\u00e7ek, taraflar aras\u0131ndaki hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler, mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n aidiyeti ve i\u015fin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmas\u0131 durumunda risk payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece \u00f6nemlidir. Bu makalede, Japon ticaret hukukunun h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ve yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131na dayanarak, anonim ortakl\u0131k s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin hukuki yap\u0131s\u0131, taraflar\u0131n hukuki ili\u015fkileri, anonim ortaklar\u0131n sorumluluk s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle i\u015ften kaynaklanan zararlar durumunda somut i\u015flemlerin nas\u0131l ele al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 konusunda uzman bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131klanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_53 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/anonymous-partnership-japan\/#Japonya%E2%80%99da_Tokumei_Kumiai_Sozlesmesinin_Hukuki_Cercevesi_ve_Taraflar\" title=\"Japonya&#8217;da Tokumei Kumiai S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Hukuki \u00c7er\u00e7evesi ve Taraflar\">Japonya&#8217;da Tokumei Kumiai S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Hukuki \u00c7er\u00e7evesi ve Taraflar<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/anonymous-partnership-japan\/#Isletme_Yonetimi_ve_Taraflar_Arasi_Japon_Hukuk_Iliskileri\" title=\"\u0130\u015fletme Y\u00f6netimi ve Taraflar Aras\u0131 Japon Hukuk \u0130li\u015fkileri\">\u0130\u015fletme Y\u00f6netimi ve Taraflar Aras\u0131 Japon Hukuk \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/anonymous-partnership-japan\/#Japonya%E2%80%99da_Anonim_Ortaklarin_Sorumluluk_Kapsami_Sinirli_Sorumluluk_ve_Istisnalari\" title=\"Japonya&#8217;da Anonim Ortaklar\u0131n Sorumluluk Kapsam\u0131: S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 Sorumluluk ve \u0130stisnalar\u0131\">Japonya&#8217;da Anonim Ortaklar\u0131n Sorumluluk Kapsam\u0131: S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 Sorumluluk ve \u0130stisnalar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/anonymous-partnership-japan\/#Kar_ve_Zararin_Dagitimi_ile_Asiri_Zararin_Islenmesi_Japonya%E2%80%99da\" title=\"K\u00e2r ve Zarar\u0131n Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 ile A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Zarar\u0131n \u0130\u015flenmesi Japonya&#8217;da\">K\u00e2r ve Zarar\u0131n Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 ile A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Zarar\u0131n \u0130\u015flenmesi Japonya&#8217;da<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/anonymous-partnership-japan\/#Japonya%E2%80%99da_Anonim_Ortaklik_Sozlesmesinin_Sona_Ermesi_ve_Tasfiyesi\" title=\"Japonya&#8217;da Anonim Ortakl\u0131k S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Sona Ermesi ve Tasfiyesi\">Japonya&#8217;da Anonim Ortakl\u0131k S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Sona Ermesi ve Tasfiyesi<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/anonymous-partnership-japan\/#Japonya%E2%80%99da_Tokumei_Kumiai_ve_Diger_Isletme_Tipleriyle_Karsilastirma\" title=\"Japonya&#8217;da Tokumei Kumiai ve Di\u011fer \u0130\u015fletme Tipleriyle Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma\">Japonya&#8217;da Tokumei Kumiai ve Di\u011fer \u0130\u015fletme Tipleriyle Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/general-corporate\/anonymous-partnership-japan\/#Ozet\" title=\"\u00d6zet\">\u00d6zet<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japonya%E2%80%99da_Tokumei_Kumiai_Sozlesmesinin_Hukuki_Cercevesi_ve_Taraflar\"><\/span>Japonya&#8217;da Tokumei Kumiai S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Hukuki \u00c7er\u00e7evesi ve Taraflar<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Japonya&#8217;daki Tokumei Kumiai (anonim ortakl\u0131k) s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin temel yap\u0131s\u0131, Japon Ticaret Kanunu&#8217;nun (\u5546\u6cd5) 535. maddesinde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu maddeye g\u00f6re, Tokumei Kumiai s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, &#8220;taraflardan birinin di\u011fer taraf\u0131n i\u015fletmesi i\u00e7in sermaye koymas\u0131 ve bu i\u015fletmeden elde edilen k\u00e2r\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 taahh\u00fct etmesi&#8221; ile kurulur. Bu s\u00f6zle\u015fme, farkl\u0131 rolleri olan iki taraf taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir tarafta &#8216;i\u015fletmeci&#8217; bulunur. \u0130\u015fletmeci, i\u015fletmenin t\u00fcm operasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 kendi ad\u0131na y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr. \u0130\u015fletme ile ilgili s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131, varl\u0131klar\u0131n y\u00f6netimi, bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00fcstlenilmesi gibi t\u00fcm d\u0131\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fck faaliyetler i\u015fletmeci taraf\u0131ndan tek ba\u015f\u0131na ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. \u0130\u015fletmeci, bir birey de olabilir, bir t\u00fczel ki\u015filik de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Di\u011fer tarafta &#8216;anonim ortak&#8217; yer al\u0131r. Anonim ortak, i\u015fletmeye yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 olarak rol al\u0131r. Anonim ortak, i\u015fletmeciye para veya di\u011fer varl\u0131klar\u0131 sermaye olarak koyar, ancak i\u015fletmenin y\u00f6netimine do\u011frudan m\u00fcdahale etme veya i\u015fletmeci ad\u0131na \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slarla i\u015flem yapma yetkisine sahip de\u011fildir. Ad\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi, anonim orta\u011f\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 genellikle \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slara a\u00e7\u0131klanmaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Burada son derece \u00f6nemli bir nokta, anonim orta\u011f\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sermaye katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n hukuki m\u00fclkiyetidir. Japon Ticaret Kanunu&#8217;nun 536. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131, &#8220;anonim orta\u011f\u0131n sermaye katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n, i\u015fletmecinin mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ait oldu\u011funu&#8221; a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtir. Bu, sermaye olarak konulan paran\u0131n veya varl\u0131klar\u0131n m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n tamamen i\u015fletmeciye ge\u00e7ti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, daha sonra ele al\u0131nacak olan i\u015fletmecinin iflas\u0131 durumunda anonim orta\u011f\u0131n konumuna do\u011frudan etki eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tokumei Kumiai s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, birden fazla taraf\u0131n bir araya gelerek i\u015fletme y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sivil hukuk ortakl\u0131klar\u0131 veya hissedarlar\u0131n bir araya gelerek t\u00fczel ki\u015filik olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u015firketlerden farkl\u0131 olarak, yaln\u0131zca i\u015fletmeci ve anonim ortak aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme olarak nitelendirilir. Bu yap\u0131, ortakl\u0131k kurulu veya hissedarlar toplant\u0131s\u0131 gibi kolektif karar alma organlar\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duymaz, bu da operasyonel esnekli\u011fi art\u0131r\u0131rken, i\u015fletmenin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesiyle ilgili yetki ve sorumlulu\u011fu i\u015fletmeciye yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, anonim ortak i\u00e7in yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 tamamen i\u015fletmecinin y\u00f6netim becerisi ve d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme imzalanmadan \u00f6nce i\u015fletmeciye kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan due diligence (\u00f6zenli inceleme) hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Isletme_Yonetimi_ve_Taraflar_Arasi_Japon_Hukuk_Iliskileri\"><\/span>\u0130\u015fletme Y\u00f6netimi ve Taraflar Aras\u0131 Japon Hukuk \u0130li\u015fkileri<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Japonya&#8217;daki anonim ortakl\u0131kta hukuki ili\u015fkiler, i\u015fletmeci ile \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slar aras\u0131ndaki &#8220;d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkiler&#8221; ve i\u015fletmeci ile anonim ortaklar aras\u0131ndaki &#8220;i\u00e7 ili\u015fkiler&#8221; olarak net bir \u015fekilde ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkilerde, yaln\u0131zca i\u015fletmeci hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck sahibi olur. \u0130\u015f faaliyetleri sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan t\u00fcm varl\u0131klar ve bor\u00e7lar, hukuken i\u015fletmeci bireyin veya i\u015fletmeci olan t\u00fczel ki\u015finin varl\u0131klar\u0131 ve bor\u00e7lar\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu nedenle, i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki ticari partnerler gibi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slar, yaln\u0131zca i\u015fletmeciye kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesel haklar\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrebilir veya y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin yerine getirilmesini talep edebilirler. Anonim ortaklar, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slara kar\u015f\u0131 do\u011frudan herhangi bir hak veya y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131mazlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6te yandan, i\u015fletmeci ile anonim ortaklar aras\u0131ndaki i\u00e7 ili\u015fkiler, anonim ortakl\u0131k s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin i\u00e7eri\u011fi ve Japon Ticaret Kanunu&#8217;nun h\u00fck\u00fcmleri taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenir. Anonim ortaklar\u0131n temel haklar\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmesel haklar olarak var olur. Bunlar\u0131n merkezinde, s\u00f6zle\u015fmede belirlenen oranlara g\u00f6re i\u015fletmenin kar\u0131ndan pay alma hakk\u0131 olan &#8220;kar pay\u0131 talep hakk\u0131&#8221; bulunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ek olarak, anonim ortaklara i\u015fletmenin mali durumunu denetlemek i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli haklar tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Japon Ticaret Kanunu&#8217;nun 539. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131na g\u00f6re, anonim ortaklar, her i\u015f y\u0131l\u0131 sonunda i\u015fletmecinin bilan\u00e7osunu inceleyebilir ve i\u015fletmenin i\u015fleri ve mali durumu hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinebilirler. Ayn\u0131 maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131, &#8220;\u00f6nemli bir sebep oldu\u011funda&#8221;, mahkeme izniyle her zaman i\u015fletmenin i\u015fleri ve mali durumunu inceleme hakk\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131r ve bu, i\u015fletmecinin olas\u0131 usuls\u00fczl\u00fcklerine kar\u015f\u0131 bir denetim arac\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Japon Ticaret Kanunu taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen anonim ortakl\u0131kla ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmler, temel bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sunmakla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, kar\u0131n somut hesaplama y\u00f6ntemi, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m zaman\u0131 ve s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u015fletmecinin uymas\u0131 gereken mali standartlar veya anonim ortaklar\u0131n onay\u0131 olmadan yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 gereken \u00f6nemli i\u015f y\u00fcr\u00fctme kapsam\u0131 gibi detayl\u0131 i\u015fletme kurallar\u0131 kanunla belirlenmemi\u015ftir. Bu t\u00fcr konular, t\u00fcm\u00fcyle taraflar aras\u0131ndaki anonim ortakl\u0131k s\u00f6zle\u015fmesiyle belirlenir. Bu durum, anonim ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n esnekli\u011finin kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu kadar, yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar i\u00e7in bir risk fakt\u00f6r\u00fc de olabilir. E\u011fer s\u00f6zle\u015fme i\u00e7eri\u011fi yetersizse, anonim ortaklar yaln\u0131zca y\u0131lda bir kez denetleme hakk\u0131 gibi Ticaret Kanunu&#8217;nun asgari korumas\u0131na g\u00fcvenmek zorunda kalabilirler. Bu nedenle, deneyimli yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar, detayl\u0131 raporlama y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri, a\u00e7\u0131k kar hesaplama standartlar\u0131 ve belirli \u00f6nemli konular \u00fczerinde veto hakk\u0131 gibi maddeleri i\u00e7eren kapsaml\u0131 ve sa\u011flam anonim ortakl\u0131k s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin imzalanmas\u0131n\u0131 talep ederler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japonya%E2%80%99da_Anonim_Ortaklarin_Sorumluluk_Kapsami_Sinirli_Sorumluluk_ve_Istisnalari\"><\/span>Japonya&#8217;da Anonim Ortaklar\u0131n Sorumluluk Kapsam\u0131: S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 Sorumluluk ve \u0130stisnalar\u0131<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Anonim ortakl\u0131klar\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar i\u00e7in cazip k\u0131l\u0131nan \u00f6zelliklerinden biri, sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Daha \u00f6nce belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere, anonim ortaklar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slara kar\u015f\u0131 do\u011frudan bir sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131mazlar. Ayr\u0131ca, i\u015fletmeci ile i\u00e7 ili\u015fkilerde de, sorumluluklar\u0131 prensip olarak yat\u0131r\u0131lan sermayenin de\u011feri ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, &#8216;s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 sorumluluk&#8217; olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Japon Ticaret Kanunu&#8217;nun (Commercial Code) 536. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131, anonim ortaklar\u0131n i\u015fletmecinin bor\u00e7lar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slara kar\u015f\u0131 sorumlu olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flar ve bu, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 sorumlulu\u011fun hukuki dayana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Anonim ortaklar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011fi en b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomik risk, yat\u0131r\u0131lan ana paran\u0131n kaybedilmesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fakat, bu s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 sorumluluk ilkesinin \u00f6nemli istisnalar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Anonim ortaklar, &#8216;anonimliklerini&#8217; kendi istekleriyle terk edecek davran\u0131\u015flarda bulunduklar\u0131nda, bu koruma kaybolur. Japon Ticaret Kanunu&#8217;nun 537. maddesi, bu istisnay\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fczenler. Anonim ortaklar, kendi soyadlar\u0131n\u0131 veya adlar\u0131n\u0131 veya ticari unvanlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fletmecinin ticari unvan\u0131 i\u00e7inde kullanmalar\u0131na izin verirlerse veya kendi ticari unvanlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fletmecinin ticari unvan\u0131 olarak kullanmalar\u0131na izin verirlerse, bu kullan\u0131mdan sonra do\u011fan bor\u00e7lar i\u00e7in i\u015fletmeci ile birlikte m\u00fcteselsil sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, sadece formel bir isim kullan\u0131m\u0131 meselesi de\u011fildir. Bu, anonim ortaklar\u0131n eylemlerinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slar \u00fczerinde b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 izlenime dayanarak sorumlulu\u011fun belirlenmesidir. Anonim ortaklar, kendi isimlerini i\u015fletmeye kullanmalar\u0131na izin vererek, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde sanki ortak i\u015fletmeciler gibi bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm olu\u015ftururlar. Hukuk, bu t\u00fcr yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm yaratan ki\u015filere, olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcme uygun sorumluluk y\u00fckler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu nedenle, anonim ortakl\u0131kta s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 sorumluluk, hukuki bir form\u00fclasyonla otomatik olarak garanti edilen de\u011fi\u015fmez bir hak de\u011fil, anonim ortaklar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya kar\u015f\u0131 kat\u0131 bir anonimlik ve pasiflik s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeleri ko\u015fuluna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak verilen bir hakt\u0131r. Bu, anonim ortaklar i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir pratik risk y\u00f6netimi noktas\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, anonim ortaklar kendileri veya temsilcileri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slarla do\u011frudan s\u00f6zle\u015fme m\u00fczakerelerine kat\u0131l\u0131rlarsa, pazarlama materyallerinde isimleri yer al\u0131rsa veya kendi markalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fletmecinin i\u015fiyle ili\u015fkiliymi\u015f gibi tan\u0131t\u0131rlarsa, istemeden s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z sorumluluk riskiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilirler. Anonim ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck avantaj\u0131 olan s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 sorumlulu\u011fun faydalar\u0131ndan yararlanabilmek i\u00e7in, d\u0131\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fck eylemlerde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir dikkat g\u00f6stermek gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kar_ve_Zararin_Dagitimi_ile_Asiri_Zararin_Islenmesi_Japonya%E2%80%99da\"><\/span>K\u00e2r ve Zarar\u0131n Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 ile A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Zarar\u0131n \u0130\u015flenmesi Japonya&#8217;da<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Japonya&#8217;daki anonim ortakl\u0131k s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde, i\u015fletmeden elde edilen k\u00e2r\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m y\u00f6ntemi, taraflar aras\u0131ndaki s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile serbest\u00e7e belirlenebilir. Yasalar, belirli bir da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m oran\u0131 veya hesaplama form\u00fcl\u00fc zorunlu k\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6te yandan, zarar\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda, Japon ticaret hukuku a\u00e7\u0131k ilkeler belirlemi\u015ftir. Japon Ticaret Kanunu&#8217;nun (Commercial Code) 536. maddesinin 2. f\u0131kras\u0131, &#8220;Sermaye zarar nedeniyle azald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, zarar telafi edilmeden k\u00e2r pay\u0131 talep edilemez&#8221; \u015feklinde h\u00fck\u00fcm i\u00e7erir. Bu, zarar\u0131n sermaye miktar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda bile, anonim ortakl\u0131k \u00fcyelerinin, zaten yapt\u0131klar\u0131 sermaye katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde bir zarar y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Sermaye miktar\u0131 zarar nedeniyle s\u0131f\u0131ra d\u00fc\u015fse bile, fazladan zarar\u0131 kapatmak i\u00e7in ek finansman sa\u011flama yasal y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, esas olarak bulunmaz. Ayr\u0131ca, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte al\u0131nan k\u00e2r paylar\u0131n\u0131 geri \u00f6deme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de yoktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu nokta, anonim ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n temel risk yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Anonim ortakl\u0131k \u00fcyelerinin zarar y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, yasal olarak sermaye miktar\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yine de, bu kural da taraflar aras\u0131ndaki s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir. Anonim ortakl\u0131k s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, \u00f6zel otonomi ilkesinin geni\u015f bir \u015fekilde uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlard\u0131r, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla i\u015fletmeciler ve anonim ortakl\u0131k \u00fcyeleri anla\u015f\u0131rlarsa, sermaye miktar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan zararlar (a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 zararlar) i\u00e7in anonim ortakl\u0131k \u00fcyelerinin belirli bir kapsamda y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck \u00fcstlenmeleri konusunda h\u00fck\u00fcm koyabilirler. Bu t\u00fcr maddeler, i\u015fletmeci taraf\u0131n\u0131n riskini azaltmak i\u00e7in dahil edilebilir. Bu nedenle, yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar anonim ortakl\u0131k s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi imzalarken, zarar y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin maddeleri dikkatlice incelemelidirler. \u00d6zellikle ek sermaye yat\u0131rma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc getiren maddelerin olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek, yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n risk profilini do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde anlamak i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Yasal varsay\u0131lan kurallar ile s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00fczerindeki anla\u015fmalar aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 fark etmek son derece \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japonya%E2%80%99da_Anonim_Ortaklik_Sozlesmesinin_Sona_Ermesi_ve_Tasfiyesi\"><\/span>Japonya&#8217;da Anonim Ortakl\u0131k S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Sona Ermesi ve Tasfiyesi<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Anonim ortakl\u0131k s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlerle sona erer. Japonya Ticaret Kanunu&#8217;nun 540. maddesi, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin sona erme nedenleri olarak Japon Medeni Kanunu&#8217;ndaki ortakl\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine at\u0131fta bulunur. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca sona erme nedenleri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>S\u00f6zle\u015fmede belirlenen s\u00fcrenin dolmas\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130\u015fin amac\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi veya ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilememesi<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Taraflar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 anla\u015fmas\u0131yla feshedilmesi<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Taraflardan birinin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc veya iflas i\u015flemlerinin ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130\u015fletmecinin i\u015fletmesini kapatmas\u0131 veya de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6zellikle \u00f6nemli bir sona erme nedeni olarak, Japon Ticaret Kanunu&#8217;nun 541. maddesi, &#8220;\u0130\u015fletmeci iflas i\u015flemi ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, anonim ortakl\u0131k s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sona erer&#8221; \u015feklinde h\u00fck\u00fcm koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00f6zle\u015fme sona erdi\u011finde, tasfiye i\u015flemlerine ge\u00e7ilir. Japon Ticaret Kanunu&#8217;nun 542. maddesine g\u00f6re, i\u015fletmeci anonim ortaklara yapt\u0131klar\u0131 sermaye katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferini geri \u00f6demekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ancak, sermaye katk\u0131s\u0131 zaten zarar nedeniyle azalm\u0131\u015fsa, sadece kalan miktar\u0131n geri \u00f6denmesi yeterlidir. \u0130\u015fletmecinin varl\u0131klar\u0131 sermaye katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferini geri \u00f6demek i\u00e7in yetersiz olsa bile, i\u015fletmeciye kusur atfedilmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece, anonim ortaklar eksik k\u0131sm\u0131 talep edemezler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Burada, sermaye geri \u00f6deme talep hakk\u0131n\u0131n niteli\u011fi hakk\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir Japon yarg\u0131 karar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme&#8217;nin 1973 y\u0131l\u0131 26 Ocak (1973) tarihli karar\u0131, anonim ortakl\u0131k s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin sona ermesi durumunda anonim ortaklar\u0131n sermaye geri \u00f6deme talep haklar\u0131n\u0131n, yat\u0131r\u0131lan belirli bir mal\u0131n kendisinin geri al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 talep eden bir hak olmay\u0131p, sermaye katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferine denk gelen bir para \u00f6demesini talep eden &#8220;para alaca\u011f\u0131&#8221; oldu\u011funa h\u00fckmetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu yarg\u0131 karar\u0131 ve yasal d\u00fczenlemeler bir arada d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, anonim ortakl\u0131kta en b\u00fcy\u00fck riskin i\u015fletmecinin kredi riski oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Daha \u00f6nce belirtildi\u011fi gibi, anonim ortaklar\u0131n sermaye katk\u0131lar\u0131 i\u015fletmecinin mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme sona erdi\u011finde geri \u00f6deme talep haklar\u0131 para alaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015fletmeci iflas etti\u011finde, anonim ortakl\u0131k s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sona erer ve anonim ortaklar\u0131n sermaye geri \u00f6deme talep haklar\u0131, i\u015fletmecinin di\u011fer genel alacakl\u0131lar\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin, finans kurumlar\u0131 veya ticari i\u015f ortaklar\u0131) ile ayn\u0131 seviyede, teminats\u0131z &#8220;genel iflas alaca\u011f\u0131&#8221; olarak ele al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu, anonim ortaklar\u0131n iflas eden i\u015fletmenin varl\u0131k da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m i\u015flemlerine kat\u0131lmalar\u0131 ve di\u011fer genel alacakl\u0131larla e\u015fit oranda yat\u0131r\u0131m sermayelerini geri almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. \u00c7o\u011fu durumda, geri al\u0131nabilen miktar ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki yat\u0131r\u0131m tutar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok alt\u0131nda kal\u0131r. Bu nokta, kendi varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u015firket varl\u0131klar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131 tutuldu\u011fu anonim \u015firketin hissedarlar\u0131ndan temelde farkl\u0131d\u0131r ve anonim ortakl\u0131\u011fa yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenlerin mutlaka anlamas\u0131 gereken yap\u0131sal bir risktir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Japonya%E2%80%99da_Tokumei_Kumiai_ve_Diger_Isletme_Tipleriyle_Karsilastirma\"><\/span>Japonya&#8217;da Tokumei Kumiai ve Di\u011fer \u0130\u015fletme Tipleriyle Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Japonya&#8217;daki di\u011fer \u00f6nemli i\u015fletme tipleri olan &#8220;Medeni Kanun&#8217;a G\u00f6re Ortakl\u0131k&#8221; ve &#8220;Kabushiki Kaisha (Anonim \u015eirket)&#8221; ile k\u0131yaslayarak, Tokumei Kumiai&#8217;nin (Sessiz Ortakl\u0131k) hukuki \u00f6zelliklerini daha net bir \u015fekilde anlayabiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Medeni Kanun&#8217;a G\u00f6re Ortakl\u0131k, Tokumei Kumiai gibi s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye dayal\u0131 olarak kurulur, ancak yat\u0131r\u0131lan varl\u0131klar t\u00fcm ortaklar\u0131n &#8220;ortak m\u00fclkiyeti&#8221; haline gelir ve i\u015fletmenin y\u00f6netimi de esas olarak t\u00fcm ortaklar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr. En b\u00fcy\u00fck fark, ortaklar\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funun s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kabushiki Kaisha, Japon \u015eirketler Kanunu&#8217;na dayanarak kurulan bir t\u00fczel ki\u015filiktir ve kendisi hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin \u00f6znesi haline gelir. Hissedarlar\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fu, sahip olduklar\u0131 hisse senetlerinin al\u0131m bedeline s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eirketin varl\u0131klar\u0131 hissedarlar\u0131n ki\u015fisel varl\u0131klar\u0131ndan net bir \u015fekilde ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve hissedarlar, \u015firketin bor\u00e7lar\u0131ndan do\u011frudan sorumlu tutulmazlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu farkl\u0131l\u0131klar, i\u015fletmenin y\u00f6netim \u015fekli, riskin yerle\u015fimi ve yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n korunma bi\u00e7imi \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck etkiler yarat\u0131r. Tokumei Kumiai, Kabushiki Kaisha gibi kat\u0131 yasal d\u00fczenlemelerden ve i\u015fletme maliyetlerinden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131rken, Medeni Kanun&#8217;a G\u00f6re Ortakl\u0131k gibi s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z sorumluluktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak isteyenler i\u00e7in etkili bir se\u00e7enek olabilir. Ancak, di\u011fer yandan, varl\u0131klar\u0131n i\u015fletmeciye ait olmas\u0131 ve yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n denetim yetkisinin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131 gibi \u00f6zelliklere de sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><td>\u00d6zellik<\/td><td>Tokumei Kumiai<\/td><td>Medeni Kanun&#8217;a G\u00f6re Ortakl\u0131k<\/td><td>Kabushiki Kaisha<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Uyulacak Hukuk<\/td><td>Japon Ticaret Kanunu<\/td><td>Japon Medeni Kanunu<\/td><td>Japon \u015eirketler Kanunu<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hukuki Nitelik<\/td><td>S\u00f6zle\u015fme<\/td><td>S\u00f6zle\u015fme<\/td><td>T\u00fczel Ki\u015filik<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n Sorumlulu\u011fu<\/td><td>Esas olarak s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 sorumluluk<\/td><td>S\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z sorumluluk<\/td><td>S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 sorumluluk<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0130\u015fletmeye Kat\u0131l\u0131m<\/td><td>M\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil<\/td><td>Esas olarak herkes<\/td><td>Hissedarlar dolayl\u0131<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015eah\u0131slara Kar\u015f\u0131 Anonimlik<\/td><td>Y\u00fcksek<\/td><td>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck<\/td><td>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck (Hissedarlar listesi mevcut)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Varl\u0131klar\u0131n Aidiyeti<\/td><td>\u0130\u015fletmeciye ait<\/td><td>Ortaklar\u0131n ortak m\u00fclkiyeti<\/td><td>\u015eirkete ait<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00c7\u0131kar \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u0130\u015flemlerinin D\u00fczenlenmesi<\/td><td>S\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ba\u011fl\u0131<\/td><td>Yasal<\/td><td>Yasal (Japon \u015eirketler Kanunu)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ozet\"><\/span>\u00d6zet<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tokumei kumiai, Japon ticaret hukukunun (Japan&#8217;s Commercial Code) sundu\u011fu, son derece esnek ve belirli ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a etkili bir yat\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fczenidir. Yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar i\u00e7in anonimlik ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 sorumluluk olmak \u00fczere iki b\u00fcy\u00fck avantaj sunar. Ancak, bu hukuki yap\u0131 \u00f6zeldir ve kendine has riskleri bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Yat\u0131r\u0131lan varl\u0131klar i\u015fletmecinin mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden, i\u015fletmecinin kredi riski do\u011frudan yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini etkiler. Ayr\u0131ca, tokumei kumiai \u00fcyelerinin korunmas\u0131, yasal d\u00fczenlemelerin asgari \u015fartlar\u0131na ek olarak, taraflar aras\u0131nda imzalanan tokumei kumiai s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin i\u00e7eri\u011fine b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle, tokumei kumiai kullan\u0131l\u0131rken, onun hukuki niteli\u011fini derinlemesine anlamak ve riskleri uygun \u015fekilde y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in detayl\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme tasar\u0131m\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Monolith Hukuk B\u00fcrosu, Japon ticaret hukuku (Japanese Commercial Code) kapsam\u0131nda, tokumei kumiai s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri de dahil olmak \u00fczere, yerli ve yabanc\u0131 bir\u00e7ok m\u00fc\u015fteriye hukuki hizmetler sunmu\u015f ve bu alanda geni\u015f bir deneyime sahiptir. \u00c7e\u015fitli sekt\u00f6rlerde tokumei kumiai d\u00fczenlemelerinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131, i\u015fletmecilerin due diligence s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ve anla\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri dahil olmak \u00fczere kapsaml\u0131 destek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. B\u00fcromuzda, uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftiren m\u00fc\u015fterilerin Japon hukuk sistemini (Japanese legal system) sorunsuz bir \u015fekilde kullanabilmeleri i\u00e7in, yabanc\u0131 avukatl\u0131k niteliklerine sahip \u0130ngilizce konu\u015fan personel de dahil olmak \u00fczere, tam donan\u0131ml\u0131 bir destek ekibi bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Japonya&#8217;da ticaret hukuku kapsam\u0131nda belirlenen i\u015fletme t\u00fcrlerinden biri anonim ortakl\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu sistem, belirli bir i\u015f i\u00e7in sermaye sa\u011flayan yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar ile bu sermayeyi kullanarak i\u015fi y\u00fcr\u00fcten  [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":74413,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[24,89],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74412"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=74412"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74412\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":74554,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74412\/revisions\/74554"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/74413"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=74412"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=74412"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=74412"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}