| Genel \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sendikalar\u0131 \/ Birle\u015fik Sendikalar<\/td> | \u015eirket, sekt\u00f6r veya meslek ayr\u0131m\u0131 yapmaks\u0131z\u0131n<\/td> | K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli i\u015fletmelerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 veya bireysel \u00fcyeler kat\u0131l\u0131r. D\u0131\u015far\u0131dan beklenmedik bir \u015fekilde bireysel i\u015f sorunlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda toplu pazarl\u0131k talebiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131labilir.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Japonya’da Yasal Uygunluk Sa\u011flayan Sendikalar\u0131n Gereklilikleri<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nJapon \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sendikalar\u0131 Yasas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanan kapsaml\u0131 korumalardan, \u00f6rne\u011fin haks\u0131z i\u015f uygulamalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 korumadan ve i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin normatif etkisinden yararlanabilmek i\u00e7in, bir sendikan\u0131n yasal olarak belirlenen gereklilikleri kar\u015f\u0131layan ‘yasal uygunluk sa\u011flayan bir sendika’ olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Bu gereklilikler, s\u00f6z konusu yasan\u0131n 2. maddesinde belirtilen ‘ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i gereklilikler’ ve 5. maddesinde belirtilen ‘formel gereklilikler’ olmak \u00fczere iki ana kategoriye ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/span>Temel Gereklilikler: \u00d6zerklik ve Ama\u00e7 (Japon \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sendikalar\u0131 Kanunu Madde 2)<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nTemel gereklilikler, bir i\u015f\u00e7i sendikas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcne ili\u015fkin olup, \u00f6zellikle sendikan\u0131n ‘\u00f6zerkli\u011fi’ ve ‘ama\u00e7lar\u0131’ \u00fczerinden de\u011ferlendirilir. Japon \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sendikalar\u0131 Kanunu’nun (Labor Union Act) 2. maddesi, daha \u00f6nce belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere, i\u015f\u00e7i sendikalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6zerk olarak kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 ve as\u0131l amac\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek olmas\u0131n\u0131 talep eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ayr\u0131ca, ayn\u0131 maddenin istisnai h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, kanunun korumas\u0131n\u0131 alamayacak ‘olumsuz gereklilikleri’ somut olarak s\u0131ralar. Bu gerekliliklerden herhangi birine dahi uyan bir grup, kanunun korumas\u0131n\u0131 alma hakk\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130lk olarak, i\u015fverenin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden ki\u015filerin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na izin veren gruplar, i\u015f\u00e7i sendikas\u0131 olarak kabul edilmez. Y\u00f6neticiler veya i\u015fe alma, i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma, terfi gibi konularda do\u011frudan yetkiye sahip olan denetim pozisyonundaki ki\u015filer buna \u00f6rnektir. Bu, sendikan\u0131n karar alma s\u00fcrecinin i\u015fveren taraf\u0131ndan etkilenmesini \u00f6nlemek ve sendikan\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in konmu\u015f bir d\u00fczenlemedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130kinci olarak, i\u015fverenden mali destek alan gruplar, prensip olarak i\u015f\u00e7i sendikas\u0131 olarak kabul edilmez. Bu ‘mali destek’ yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131, sendikan\u0131n \u00f6zerkli\u011fini temelden desteklemektir. Ancak, kanun baz\u0131 istisnalar\u0131 kabul eder. \u00d6rne\u011fin, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri i\u00e7inde \u00fccret kayb\u0131 ya\u015famadan i\u015fverenle pazarl\u0131k yapabilmesi, i\u015fverenin refah fonlar\u0131na veya sosyal yard\u0131m fonlar\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar ve ‘asgari d\u00fczeyde bir ofis sa\u011flanmas\u0131’, yasaklanan mali destek kapsam\u0131na girmez. Bu d\u00fczenlemenin yorumu s\u0131k s\u0131k tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, sendika i\u015flerine tam zamanl\u0131 adanm\u0131\u015f ki\u015filere \u00f6denen maa\u015flar\u0131n sorun oldu\u011fu Kitako Taxi olay\u0131 (Osaka B\u00f6lge Mahkemesi, 1982 \u015eubat 4 karar\u0131) veya Japon IBM olay\u0131nda (Tokyo \u0130\u015f Komisyonu, 2001 Mart 27 karar\u0131) \u015firketin uzun y\u0131llar boyunca sendika ofisinin kiras\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demesine ra\u011fmen, bu durumun sendikan\u0131n \u00f6zerkli\u011fini kaybettirmedi\u011fine karar verilmi\u015ftir. Bu dava \u00f6rnekleri, i\u015fveren taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanan kolayl\u0131klar\u0131n bir kez al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k haline gelmesi durumunda, \u015firketin bunu tek tarafl\u0131 olarak sonland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n, sendikan\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015fine y\u00f6nelik haks\u0131z bir m\u00fcdahale olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilece\u011fini ve haks\u0131z i\u015f uygulamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, sa\u011flanan kolayl\u0131klarla ilgili ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki kararlar, gelecekteki i\u015fveren-i\u015f\u00e7i ili\u015fkilerini belirleyebilecek \u00f6nemli y\u00f6netim kararlar\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak, yaln\u0131zca yard\u0131mla\u015fma veya refah i\u015fleri amac\u0131 g\u00fcden gruplar, i\u015f\u00e7i sendikas\u0131 olarak kabul edilmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak, esas olarak politik veya sosyal hareketleri ama\u00e7layan gruplar da, Japon \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sendikalar\u0131 Kanunu’nun korumas\u0131 alt\u0131nda de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/span>Formal Requirements: Union Bylaws (Article 5 of the Japanese Labor Union Act)<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nIn addition to meeting substantive requirements, a legally compliant union must fulfill “formal requirements” to ensure the democratic operation of its organization. Article 5, Paragraph 2 of the Japanese Labor Union Act stipulates the matters that must be included in the bylaws of a labor union. If these provisions are not included, the union will not be eligible to participate in procedures established by the law, such as filing for relief with the Labor Relations Commission. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The mandatory items to be included in the bylaws are as follows: <\/p>\n\n\n\n \n- Name<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Location of the principal office<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- The right of union members to participate in all matters of the union and to receive equal treatment<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- No person shall be deprived of the qualification to be a union member based on race, religion, gender, social background, or status<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Officers are to be elected by the direct secret ballot of the union members (in the case of a federation of unions, it is also possible to occupy by the direct secret ballot of delegates elected by the direct secret ballot of unit union members)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- A general meeting is to be held at least once a year<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Financial reports are to be published to the union members at least once a year, accompanied by a certificate from a professionally qualified auditor<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- A strike (labor stoppage) cannot be initiated without a decision by a majority of the direct secret ballot of the union members<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Amendments to the bylaws must be supported by a majority of the direct secret ballot of the union members<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
These provisions not only guarantee democracy within the union but also serve as objective legal standards for the management side to judge the legitimacy of the union’s actions. For example, if a union notifies of a strike, verifying whether the decision process has followed the procedures set out in the bylaws (and hence Article 5 of the Labor Union Act), namely a majority decision by the direct secret ballot of the union members, becomes extremely important information for assessing the legal legitimacy of the strike and considering the company’s response strategies. The union’s bylaws are also a crucial document for risk assessment in a company’s legal and labor management.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/span>\u00d6zet<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBu makalede a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi, Japon i\u015f hukuku alt\u0131nda sendikalar\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, sadece varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131nda olmakla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eirket baz\u0131nda sendikalar, end\u00fcstri baz\u0131nda sendikalar gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli formlar\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerini kavramak ve her birinin hangi stratejik ama\u00e7larla hareket etti\u011fini anlamak, etkili i\u015fveren-i\u015f\u00e7i ili\u015fkilerinin y\u00f6netimine katk\u0131da bulunur. \u00d6zellikle \u00f6nemli olan, bir grubun Japon Sendikalar Yasas\u0131’n\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 korumadan yararlanma hakk\u0131na sahip “yasaya uygun sendika” olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek i\u00e7in gerekli olan somut ve bi\u00e7imsel \u015fartlar\u0131 do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde anlamakt\u0131r. \u00d6zerkli\u011fin korunmas\u0131, \u00f6zellikle mali destekle ilgili hassas hukuki kararlar ve t\u00fcz\u00fcklerde belirlenmesi gereken demokratik i\u015fletme prosed\u00fcrleri, i\u015fveren ve i\u015f\u00e7i aras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131klarda s\u0131k s\u0131k temel bir mesele haline gelir. Bu hukuki bilgiler, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in bir silah de\u011fil, istikrarl\u0131, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir ve her \u015feyden \u00f6nce yasalara uygun i\u015fveren-i\u015f\u00e7i ili\u015fkileri olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmez bir temeldir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Monolith Hukuk B\u00fcrosu, Japon i\u015f hukukunun dahil oldu\u011fu karma\u015f\u0131k durumlarla ilgili olarak, Japonya’daki bir\u00e7ok m\u00fc\u015fteri \u015firkete hukuki hizmet sunmu\u015f ve bu alanda geni\u015f bir deneyime sahiptir. B\u00fcromuzda sadece Japon avukatl\u0131k lisans\u0131na sahip olmakla kalmay\u0131p, ayn\u0131 zamanda yabanc\u0131 avukatl\u0131k lisanslar\u0131na da sahip ve \u0130ngilizceyi ana dili olarak konu\u015fan hukuk uzmanlar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu sayede, uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f geli\u015ftiren \u015firketlerin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Japonya’ya \u00f6zg\u00fc i\u015f hukuku d\u00fczenlemeleri ve i\u015fveren-i\u015f\u00e7i uygulamalar\u0131yla ilgili sorunlara kar\u015f\u0131, dil ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr engelleri olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, do\u011fru ve kapsaml\u0131 hukuki destek sa\u011flamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Sendikalarla ilgili destek, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin m\u00fczakeresi veya di\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7i ili\u015fkileri konular\u0131nda dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k gerekti\u011finde, l\u00fctfen b\u00fcromuza ula\u015f\u0131n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u015eirket y\u00f6netiminde, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlarla olan ili\u015fkiler son derece \u00f6nemli bir unsurdur. \u00d6zellikle, Japonya’da i\u015f y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcrken, sendikalar hakk\u0131nda hukuki bir anlay\u0131\u015fa sahip olmak \u015fartt\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n bir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":74518,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[24,89],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74517"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=74517"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74517\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":74705,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74517\/revisions\/74705"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/74518"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=74517"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=74517"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=74517"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}} |