<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nJaponya’daki i\u015fveren ve i\u015f\u00e7i ili\u015fkilerinde yayg\u0131n olarak benimsenen Birle\u015fik Ma\u011faza Anla\u015fmas\u0131, sendikalar\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctsel g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir sistemdir. Bu anla\u015fma, \u015firket \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir i\u015f\u00e7i sendikas\u0131na \u00fcye olmalar\u0131n\u0131 fiilen zorunlu k\u0131lar ve bu anla\u015fman\u0131n hukuki etkisi ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde anlamak, \u015firketlerin insan kaynaklar\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7i y\u00f6netiminde son derece \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Japon \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sendikalar\u0131 Kanunu’nun (Japanese Labor Union Act) 7. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin bir sendikaya \u00fcye olmamalar\u0131 veya sendikadan ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131 sebebiyle i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lma gibi dezavantajl\u0131 muamelelere maruz b\u0131rak\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 ‘haks\u0131z i\u015f uygulamas\u0131’ olarak yasaklamaktad\u0131r. Ancak, ayn\u0131 f\u0131kran\u0131n istisnalar\u0131, bu kurala \u00f6nemli bir istisna getirir. Bu, ‘bir i\u015f\u00e7i sendikas\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir fabrika veya i\u015f yerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu temsil etti\u011fi durumlarda, bu i\u015f\u00e7ilerin sendika \u00fcyesi olmalar\u0131n\u0131 istihdam \u015fart\u0131 olarak belirleyen bir i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemez’ \u015feklindedir. Bu, Birle\u015fik Ma\u011faza Anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n hukuki dayana\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu anla\u015fman\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ge\u00e7erlilik ko\u015fulu ‘\u00e7o\u011funluk temsil \u015fart\u0131’d\u0131r. Birle\u015fik Ma\u011faza Anla\u015fmas\u0131, yaln\u0131zca i\u015f yerindeki i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu olu\u015fturan sendikalar (\u00e7o\u011funluk sendikalar\u0131) taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131labilmektedir. Anla\u015fma yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada sendika \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olu\u015ftursa bile, sonradan \u00fcyelerin ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi sebeplerle \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ferse, Birle\u015fik Ma\u011faza Anla\u015fmas\u0131 otomatik olarak etkisini kaybeder. Bu durumda, \u015firketin sendikaya \u00fcye olmayan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ortadan kalkar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u015eirketler, sendikalar taraf\u0131ndan Birle\u015fik Ma\u011faza Anla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 talep edildi\u011finde, mutlaka en kat\u0131 i\u00e7erikte anla\u015fma yapmak zorunda de\u011fildir. M\u00fczakerelere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, \u015firketin takdir yetkisini koruyan daha esnek bir anla\u015fma t\u00fcr\u00fc de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Uygulamada s\u0131k\u00e7a rastlanan iki t\u00fcr a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Birincisi ‘arkadan \u00e7\u0131kan sendika’ olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu, anla\u015fmada, sendikadan ayr\u0131lan veya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ki\u015filerin ‘esas olarak’ i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 belirtilirken, son karar\u0131n \u015firket ve sendika aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fczakerelere b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u015firketin takdir hakk\u0131n\u0131 koruyan bir yap\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130kincisi ise ‘bildiri sendikas\u0131’d\u0131r. Bu, anla\u015fmada ‘\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n sendika \u00fcyesi olmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fi’ ifade edilirken, sendika \u00fcyesi olmamay\u0131 gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stererek i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir h\u00fck\u00fcm belirtilmeyen, en zay\u0131f etkili formdur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Birle\u015fik Ma\u011faza Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile ilgili di\u011fer sistemlerin farklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirlemek i\u00e7in, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda bunlar\u0131 d\u00fczenliyoruz. Bu sistemler uluslararas\u0131 olarak da kullan\u0131lan kavramlard\u0131r, ancak Japon hukukunda (Japanese law) etkinlikleri farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n\n\n\nAnla\u015fma T\u00fcr\u00fc<\/td> Tan\u0131m<\/td> \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n Sendika \u00dcyeli\u011fi Zorunlulu\u011fu<\/td> Japon Hukukunda (Japanese law) Ge\u00e7erlilik<\/td><\/tr><\/thead> A\u00e7\u0131k Ma\u011faza<\/td> Sendikaya \u00fcyeli\u011fi tamamen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr iradesine b\u0131rakan sistem.<\/td> Yok<\/td> Ge\u00e7erli<\/td><\/tr> Birle\u015fik Ma\u011faza<\/td> \u0130\u015fe al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra belirli bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde belirli bir i\u015f\u00e7i sendikas\u0131na \u00fcye olmay\u0131 istihdam\u0131n devam\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fart ko\u015fan sistem.<\/td> Var<\/td> Belirli \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda (\u00e7o\u011funluk temsili gibi) ge\u00e7erli<\/td><\/tr> Kapal\u0131 Ma\u011faza<\/td> \u0130\u015fe al\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda belirli bir i\u015f\u00e7i sendikas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcyesi olmay\u0131 \u015fart ko\u015fan sistem.<\/td> \u0130\u015fe al\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6n ko\u015fulu<\/td> Esas olarak ge\u00e7ersiz (\u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 istisnalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\nBu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmadan anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, i\u015fe al\u0131m a\u015famas\u0131nda sendika \u00fcyeli\u011fini \u015fart ko\u015fan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Kapal\u0131 Ma\u011faza sistemi Japonya’da esas olarak kabul edilmemektedir. \u00d6te yandan, Birle\u015fik Ma\u011faza, s\u0131k\u0131 \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi kabul edilen bir sistemdir. \u015eirketler, Birle\u015fik Ma\u011faza Anla\u015fmas\u0131 yapmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrken, bu hukuki gereklilikleri ve uygulamadaki se\u00e7enekleri iyi anlamal\u0131 ve kendi i\u015fveren-i\u015f\u00e7i ili\u015fkilerinin ger\u00e7ek durumuna uygun dikkatli kararlar almal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/span>Japonya’da \u00d6nemli Birle\u015fik D\u00fckkan Anla\u015fmas\u0131 Yarg\u0131 Kararlar\u0131<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nBirle\u015fik D\u00fckkan Anla\u015fmas\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i sendikalar\u0131na g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir organizasyonel temel sa\u011flarken, bireysel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir etkiye sahiptir. Bu nedenle, uygulamas\u0131 \u00e7evresinde bir\u00e7ok hukuki anla\u015fmazl\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Japonya Yarg\u0131tay\u0131, bir dizi karar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, Birle\u015fik D\u00fckkan Anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n hukuki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtmi\u015ftir. Bu kararlar, \u015firketlerin anla\u015fmaya dayal\u0131 olarak i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini yerine getirirken hukuki riskleri anlamalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130lk olarak, sendika taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ge\u00e7ersiz ihra\u00e7 karar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma \u00fczerindeki etkisine ili\u015fkin bir karar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Japonya Tuz \u00dcretimi Olay\u0131’nda (1975 y\u0131l\u0131 25 Nisan’da Yarg\u0131tay karar\u0131) Yarg\u0131tay, bir i\u015f\u00e7i sendikas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcyesini haks\u0131z yere ihra\u00e7 etmesi durumunda, i\u015fverenin bu ge\u00e7ersiz ihra\u00e7 karar\u0131n\u0131 gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stererek ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131n\u0131n, i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma hakk\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini ve ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir. Bu karar, \u015firketlere \u00f6nemli bir uyar\u0131 niteli\u011findedir. \u015eirketler, Birle\u015fik D\u00fckkan Anla\u015fmas\u0131na dayanarak sendikadan bir \u00fcyenin i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 talep edildi\u011finde, sadece sendikan\u0131n taleplerine uyan bir ‘uygulay\u0131c\u0131’ olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeden \u00f6nce, \u015firketlerin sendikan\u0131n ihra\u00e7 i\u015flemlerinin sendika t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne uygun olarak d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ihra\u00e7 nedenlerinin makul olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 incelemek i\u00e7in belirli bir hukuki sorumluluklar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6revi ihmal ederek haks\u0131z bir ihra\u00e7 temelinde i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma yap\u0131l\u0131rsa, bu i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131l\u0131r ve \u015firket ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fana kar\u015f\u0131 hukuki sorumlulukla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130kinci olarak, ba\u015fka bir sendikaya kat\u0131lma durumunda i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma etkisine ili\u015fkin \u00f6nemli bir karar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Mitsui Depo ve Liman \u0130\u015fletmeleri Olay\u0131’nda (1989 y\u0131l\u0131 14 Aral\u0131k’ta Yarg\u0131tay karar\u0131), Yarg\u0131tay, Birle\u015fik D\u00fckkan Anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalayan \u00e7o\u011funluk sendikas\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n hemen ba\u015fka bir az\u0131nl\u0131k sendikas\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131 veya yeni bir sendika kurmas\u0131 durumunda, i\u015fverenin bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir. Yarg\u0131tay, Birle\u015fik D\u00fckkan Anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131n\u0131n sendikan\u0131n birli\u011fini korumak ve g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek oldu\u011funu, ancak bu amac\u0131n, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n daha temel bir hakk\u0131 olan sendika se\u00e7me \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ihlal edecek \u015fekilde kabul edilemeyece\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, \u00e7o\u011funluk sendikas\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lsa bile ba\u015fka bir sendikaya kat\u0131larak i\u015f\u00e7i olarak birli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren ki\u015filere y\u00f6nelik i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma talepleri, Japon Medeni Kanunu’nun 90. maddesinde belirtilen kamu d\u00fczenine ve iyi ahlaka ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ge\u00e7ersizdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu karar, Birle\u015fik D\u00fckkan Anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n etkisinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirleyen bir noktada son derece \u00f6nemlidir. Bu anla\u015fma, hi\u00e7bir sendikaya kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f i\u015f\u00e7ilere \u00e7o\u011funluk sendikas\u0131na kat\u0131lmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in bask\u0131 yapma g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahipken, bir sendikadan di\u011ferine ge\u00e7i\u015f yapma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc engelleme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip de\u011fildir. \u00d6zellikle, \u015firket i\u00e7inde birden fazla i\u015f\u00e7i sendikas\u0131n\u0131n var oldu\u011fu durumlarda, bu karar az\u0131nl\u0131k sendikalar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hukuki olarak koruma rol\u00fc oynamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu iki Yarg\u0131tay karar\u0131n\u0131n ortak noktas\u0131, mahkemenin Birle\u015fik D\u00fckkan Anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fme temelli etkisi ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n temel haklar\u0131 (adil i\u015flem g\u00f6rme hakk\u0131 ve sendika birli\u011fi ve se\u00e7me \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc) aras\u0131nda dikkatli bir \u00e7\u0131kar dengesi yapmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yarg\u0131 tutumu, \u015firket y\u00f6neticilerine, Birle\u015fik D\u00fckkan Anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n otomatik bir i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma mekanizmas\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Anla\u015fmaya dayal\u0131 i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karmalar, her zaman mahkemeler taraf\u0131ndan sonradan yap\u0131lan bir incelemenin konusu olabilir ve y\u00fcksek hukuki risk ta\u015f\u0131yan bir eylemdir. Bu nedenle, bu t\u00fcr bir i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrken, mutlaka \u00f6nceden uzman bir hukuk\u00e7udan tavsiye almak esast\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/span>\u00d6zet<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nJaponya’daki i\u015f hukuku d\u00fczenlemeleri kapsam\u0131nda sendikalar\u0131n kurulu\u015fu ve i\u015fleyi\u015fi, sendikalar\u0131n \u00f6zerkli\u011fine sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterirken, faaliyetlerinin demokratik ve adil bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in detayl\u0131 bir hukuki \u00e7er\u00e7eve ile d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fletme y\u00f6netimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, sendikalar\u0131n hukuki koruma kazanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gereken nitelikler, sendika t\u00fcz\u00fcklerinde belirlenmesi gereken demokratik i\u015fleyi\u015f ilkeleri ve union shop anla\u015fmalar\u0131 gibi zorunlu \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme sistemlerinin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc etkisi ve hukuki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131, istikrarl\u0131 ve yap\u0131c\u0131 bir i\u015fveren-i\u015f\u00e7i ili\u015fkisi kurman\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturur. Bu hukuki bilgiler, toplu pazarl\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine yan\u0131t verme, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin imzalanmas\u0131 ve insan kaynaklar\u0131 ile ilgili kararlar al\u0131rken hukuki riskleri \u00f6nlemek ve uygun i\u015fletme kararlar\u0131 vermek i\u00e7in bir pusula i\u015flevi g\u00f6recektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Monolith Hukuk B\u00fcrosu, Japonya’daki i\u015f hukuku ile ilgili karma\u015f\u0131k sorunlarda, yerli ve yabanc\u0131 bir\u00e7ok m\u00fc\u015fteri \u015firkete hukuki hizmetler sunmu\u015f ve bu alanda geni\u015f bir deneyime sahiptir. B\u00fcromuzda, Japon avukatl\u0131k lisans\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, yabanc\u0131 avukatl\u0131k lisanslar\u0131na sahip \u0130ngilizce konu\u015fan avukatlar da bulunmakta ve bu sayede uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f ortam\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7e\u015fitli i\u015f\u00e7i sorunlar\u0131na yan\u0131t verme kapasitesine sahibiz. Sendikalar\u0131n kurulu\u015fu ve i\u015fleyi\u015fi hakk\u0131nda dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k, toplu pazarl\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine destek, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesi gibi konularda, bu temaya ili\u015fkin her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hukuki deste\u011fi sa\u011flamaktay\u0131z.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Japonya’daki i\u015f ortam\u0131nda, sendikalar \u015firket y\u00f6netimi ve i\u015fveren-\u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ili\u015fkileri \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etkiye sahiptir. Japonya Anayasas\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n birlik kurma hakk\u0131n\u0131, toplu pazarl\u0131k hakk\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":74576,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[24,89],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74575"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=74575"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74575\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":74722,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74575\/revisions\/74722"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/74576"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=74575"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=74575"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=74575"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}