{"id":58827,"date":"2023-10-06T11:22:22","date_gmt":"2023-10-06T02:22:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/?p=58827"},"modified":"2026-01-05T19:12:53","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T10:12:53","slug":"expressions-and-defamation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/internet\/expressions-and-defamation","title":{"rendered":"\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 trong bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n bao g\u1ed3m \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m danh d\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng tin, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Internet v\u00e0 c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n, m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m danh d\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u1ebb x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m danh d\u1ef1. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 &#8220;y\u00eau c\u1ea7u x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m danh d\u1ef1&#8221; v\u00e0 &#8220;tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m danh d\u1ef1&#8221; trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m danh d\u1ef1 trong bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t bao g\u1ed3m \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m danh d\u1ef1 d\u1ea1ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_53 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/internet\/expressions-and-defamation\/#Phi_bang_danh_du_thong_qua_bieu_hien_chua_y_kien_hoac_phe_binh\" title=\"Ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng qua bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9a \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh\">Ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng qua bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9a \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/internet\/expressions-and-defamation\/#Dieu_kien_mien_tru_trong_viec_phi_bang_danh_du_thong_qua_viec_chi_ra_su_that\" title=\"\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \">\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/internet\/expressions-and-defamation\/#Dieu_kien_mien_tru_trong_viec_phi_bang_danh_du_thong_qua_y_kien_hoac_binh_luan\" title=\"\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng qua \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn\">\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng qua \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/internet\/expressions-and-defamation\/#Bieu_hien_la_chi_ra_su_that_hay_y_kien_binh_luan\" title=\"Bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hay \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \/ b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn?\">Bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hay \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \/ b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/internet\/expressions-and-defamation\/#Viec_vuot_qua_pham_vi_y_kien_hoac_phe_binh\" title=\"Vi\u1ec7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ph\u1ea1m vi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh\">Vi\u1ec7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ph\u1ea1m vi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/internet\/expressions-and-defamation\/#Tom_tat\" title=\"T\u00f3m t\u1eaft\">T\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Phi_bang_danh_du_thong_qua_bieu_hien_chua_y_kien_hoac_phe_binh\"><\/span>Ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng qua bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9a \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, t\u1ed9i ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i \u0110i\u1ec1u 230, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng qua b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng, v.v.). Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ed9i ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 trong lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng khai ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t t\u00f9 d\u01b0\u1edbi 3 n\u0103m ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea1t ti\u1ec1n d\u01b0\u1edbi 500.000 y\u00ean.<\/p>\n<cite>\u0110i\u1ec1u 230 Lu\u1eadt H\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, t\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra l\u1ec7nh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c danh d\u1ef1, thay th\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i, theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n<cite>\u0110i\u1ec1u 723 Lu\u1eadt D\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau r\u00f5:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>H\u00e0nh vi ph\u00e1p l\u00fd ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1, n\u1ebfu bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u00e1ch quan t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, danh ti\u1ebfng, uy t\u00edn, v.v. c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hay b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n<cite>Ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1997 c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Do \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00f4ng qua \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi &#8220;ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1&#8221; l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3i r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 (x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n danh d\u1ef1) trong lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng qua \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 trong lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 (&#8220;ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 d\u1ea1ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh&#8221;), c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 (x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n danh d\u1ef1) trong lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u1ec1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 trong m\u1ee5c 1 tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-\u30b3\u30fc\u30dd\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\uff08\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u8a9e\uff09 wp-block-embed-\u30b3\u30fc\u30dd\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\uff08\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u8a9e\uff09\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"KNQGlChKXd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/internet\/defamation\">\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec7n v\u00ec ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec7n v\u00ec ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng&#8221; &#8212; \u30b3\u30fc\u30dd\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\uff08\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u8a9e\uff09\" src=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/internet\/defamation\/embed#?secret=thcQCZaRoD#?secret=KNQGlChKXd\" data-secret=\"KNQGlChKXd\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Do \u0111\u00f3, trong lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, n\u1ebfu bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hay b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Khi xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp hay kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u00ean khi xem x\u00e9t mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd do ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi ph\u00e1p l\u00fd trong lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c danh d\u1ef1, thay th\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i. V\u1ec1 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p chung l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o xin l\u1ed7i, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/reputation\/defamation-corrective-advertising-restoration-of-reputation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/monolith.law\/reputation\/defamation-corrective-advertising-restoration-of-reputation[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dieu_kien_mien_tru_trong_viec_phi_bang_danh_du_thong_qua_viec_chi_ra_su_that\"><\/span>\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"735\" height=\"490\" src=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2026\/01\/expressions-and-defamation-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-74808\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.5;width:840px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2026\/01\/expressions-and-defamation-2.jpg 735w, https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2026\/01\/expressions-and-defamation-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2026\/01\/expressions-and-defamation-2-250x167.jpg 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng 3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sau \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00ednh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng (T\u00ednh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng (T\u00ednh c\u00f4ng \u00edch)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang (T\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c) ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 l\u00fd do \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang (T\u00ednh th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec1u 230-2 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt H\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn &#8220;T\u00ednh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng&#8221;, &#8220;T\u00ednh c\u00f4ng \u00edch&#8221; v\u00e0 &#8220;T\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c&#8221;, nh\u01b0ng th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 &#8220;T\u00ednh th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng&#8221;, ngay c\u1ea3 khi bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u00ean, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u1ec1 &#8220;T\u00ednh th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng&#8221;, &#8220;c\u00f3 l\u00fd do \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang&#8221; \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1997 (n\u0103m 1997 theo l\u1ecbch Gregory) l\u00e0 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p ph\u00fac th\u1ea9m trong v\u1ee5 &#8220;Scandal Fuji Evening &#8211; Ros&#8221;, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng &#8220;ngay c\u1ea3 khi nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o ch\u00ed l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nghi ng\u1edd n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u00fd do \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang&#8221;. &#8220;N\u00f3i tr\u00ean TV&#8221; ho\u1eb7c &#8220;Vi\u1ebft trong s\u00e1ch&#8221; kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dieu_kien_mien_tru_trong_viec_phi_bang_danh_du_thong_qua_y_kien_hoac_binh_luan\"><\/span>\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng qua \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng qua \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 4 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sau \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00ednh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>\u00dd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng (T\u00ednh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng (T\u00ednh c\u00f4ng \u00edch)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang (T\u00ednh ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c) ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 l\u00fd do \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang (T\u00ednh th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u 1~3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1ee9 4, n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u00ean b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i, v.v. s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t khi \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Do \u0111\u00f3, so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng qua \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp khi &#8220;v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bieu_hien_la_chi_ra_su_that_hay_y_kien_binh_luan\"><\/span>Bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hay \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \/ b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Trung t\u00e2m gia s\u01b0 A \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi ki\u1ec7n l\u00ean T\u00f2a \u00e1n qu\u1eadn Tokyo v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 huynh C, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 con g\u00e1i \u0111ang theo h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m gia s\u01b0 B thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a A, v\u1edbi c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng D c\u1ee7a trung t\u00e2m gia s\u01b0 B \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef sinh trung h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t trang web h\u1eb9n h\u00f2 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ti\u1ec1n cho c\u00f4 \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3 khi\u00eau d\u00e2m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh khi\u00eau d\u00e2m. D \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fa nh\u1eadn 300 v\u1ee5 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 sau khi nghe tin n\u00e0y, C \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 &#8220;D c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ee7a trung t\u00e2m gia s\u01b0 B&#8221; v\u00e0 &#8220;C\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a trung t\u00e2m gia s\u01b0 B c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 h\u1ecdc sinh&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e9t x\u1eed, D \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1ed9i vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3i tr\u1ee5y tr\u1ebb em (Lu\u1eadt Ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ed3i tr\u1ee5y Tr\u1ebb em Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a D \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i l\u00ean d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00ec v\u1eady, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a C tr\u00ean di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hay l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, T\u00f2a \u00e1n qu\u1eadn Tokyo \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xem b\u00e0i \u0111\u0103ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 &#8220;ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng D v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3i tr\u1ee5y&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n, trong khi \u0111ang \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc cho h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f9ng tu\u1ed5i v\u1edbi v\u1ee5 \u00e1n n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a D, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn 300 v\u1ee5 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thu\u00ea D l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t D v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng D ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd s\u1ef1 l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n, nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc sinh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/p>\n<cite>T\u00f2a \u00e1n qu\u1eadn Tokyo, ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2011 (n\u0103m 2011)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00e0, T\u00f2a \u00e1n qu\u1eadn Tokyo \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a C tr\u00ean di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Viec_vuot_qua_pham_vi_y_kien_hoac_phe_binh\"><\/span>Vi\u1ec7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ph\u1ea1m vi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00ec v\u1eady, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 &#8220;v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ph\u1ea1m vi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n&#8221; hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Do bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a C c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, n\u00ean t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00f2a \u00e1n Tokyo \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ph\u1ea1m vi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb cho C. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a C l\u00e0 ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 D g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n v\u00e0 lo l\u1eafng l\u1edbn cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 l\u1edbn. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7n minh t\u1eeb A, th\u00ec ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a C v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong ngh\u0129a \u0111en, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm c\u00f9ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a C s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Khi m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3 \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1 tr\u00ean Internet, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n danh d\u1ef1 trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tom_tat\"><\/span>T\u00f3m t\u1eaft<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng danh d\u1ef1, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng &#8220;d\u00f9 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra&#8221; trong c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m danh d\u1ef1 (vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n danh d\u1ef1).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 &#8220;c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn&#8221; m\u00e0 kh\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng &#8220;n\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3&#8221;, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac 1 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u00fd ki\u1ebfn.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng &#8220;v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n&#8221;, do \u0111\u00f3, r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n s\u1ebd cao h\u01a1n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn hay kh\u00f4ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n &#8220;c\u00f4ng ty \u0111en&#8221; \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 &#8220;ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ty, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u00fd ki\u1ebfn)&#8221;, nh\u01b0ng v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft th\u1eafng ki\u1ec7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n &#8220;\u0111en t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong&#8221;. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i \u0111\u0103ng kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng &#8220;n\u00ean xem x\u00e9t n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i \u0111\u0103ng kh\u00e1c&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/monolith.law\/reputation\/illegal-posting-black-companies-in5ch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/monolith.law\/reputation\/illegal-posting-black-companies-in5ch[ja]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau \u1edf tr\u00ean, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e1p l\u00fd n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t &#8220;ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng&#8221; trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng &#8220;\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3&#8221;, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y qua video, h\u00e3y xem video tr\u00ean k\u00eanh YouTube c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u3010\u540d\u8a89\u6a29\u4fb5\u5bb3\u306e\u514d\u8cac\u8981\u4ef6\u3011\u610f\u898b\u306a\u3044\u3057\u8ad6\u8a55\u306b\u3088\u308b\u540d\u8a89\u6bc0\u640d\u3068\u306f\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/BKq7mXIOmH4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m danh d\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng tin, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t  [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":74807,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[39,21],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/58827"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=58827"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/58827\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":74809,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/58827\/revisions\/74809"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/74807"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=58827"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=58827"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monolith.law\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=58827"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}