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class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u5546\u6cd5\uff08\u65e5\u672c\u5546\u6cd5\u7b2c501\u6761\uff09\u4e2d\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u7edd\u5bf9\u5546\u4e1a\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u884c\u4e3a\u8005\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u5546\u4eba\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8be5\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u5426\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e1a\u52a1\u91cd\u590d\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e5f\u603b\u662f\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5546\u4e1a\u884c\u4e3a<sup><\/sup>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u6295\u673a\u6027\u6216\u91d1\u878d\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u786e\u4fdd\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u8fc5\u901f\u6027\u548c\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u5546\u6cd5\u5bf9\u6b64\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u6709\u7740\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u5546\u6cd5\u7b2c501\u6761\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u5546\u4e1a\u884c\u4e3a<sup><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9996\u5148\u662f\u201c\u4ee5\u83b7\u5229\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u8d2d\u4e70\u6216\u8f6c\u8ba9\u52a8\u4ea7\u3001\u4e0d\u52a8\u4ea7\u6216\u6709\u4ef7\u8bc1\u5238\u7684\u6709\u507f\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\uff08\u65e5\u672c\u5546\u6cd5\u7b2c501\u6761\u7b2c1\u9879\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6295\u673a\u6027\u8d2d\u4e70\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6295\u673a\u6027\u8f6c\u8ba9\u201d\u3002\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8f6c\u552e\u800c\u83b7\u5229\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u91c7\u8d2d\u884c\u4e3a<sup><\/sup>\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u5173\u952e\u662f\u201c\u4ee5\u83b7\u5229\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u8f6c\u8ba9\u201d\u7684\u610f\u56fe\uff0c\u5373\u6295\u673a\u6027\u610f\u56fe\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u56fe\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ea\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u827a\u672f\u54c1\u7684\u8f6c\u552e\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7edd\u5bf9\u5546\u4e1a\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u201c\u4e3a\u5c65\u884c\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u5408\u540c\u800c\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u52a8\u4ea7\u6216\u6709\u4ef7\u8bc1\u5238\u7684\u6709\u507f\u8d2d\u4e70\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\uff08\u65e5\u672c\u5546\u6cd5\u7b2c501\u6761\u7b2c2\u9879\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u6307\u7684\u662f\u975e\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u8005\u4e0e\u5ba2\u6237\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4f9b\u5e94\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u5408\u540c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u4e86\u5c65\u884c\u8be5\u5408\u540c\u800c\u4ece\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u5904\u8d2d\u4e70\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u67d0\u516c\u53f8\u4e0e\u5ba2\u6237\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86\u4ea4\u4ed8\u7279\u5b9a\u673a\u68b0\u7684\u5408\u540c\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u5236\u9020\u5546\u90a3\u91cc\u8d2d\u4e70\u8be5\u673a\u68b0\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c31\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6b64\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e09\u662f\u201c\u5728\u4ea4\u6613\u6240\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u201d\uff08\u65e5\u672c\u5546\u6cd5\u7b2c501\u6761\u7b2c3\u9879\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u5982\u8bc1\u5238\u4ea4\u6613\u6240\u6216\u5546\u54c1\u4ea4\u6613\u6240\u7b49\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u4ea4\u6613<sup><\/sup>\u3002\u80a1\u7968\u4e70\u5356\u6216\u5546\u54c1\u671f\u8d27\u4ea4\u6613\u7b49\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u5728\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5546\u4e1a\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b2c\u56db\u662f\u201c\u4e0e\u6c47\u7968\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5546\u4e1a\u7968\u636e\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\uff08\u65e5\u672c\u5546\u6cd5\u7b2c501\u6761\u7b2c4\u9879\uff09\u3002\u6c47\u7968\u6216\u652f\u7968\u7684\u51fa\u7968\u3001\u80cc\u4e66\u3001\u627f\u5151\u7b49\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u5728\u5546\u4e1a\u4ea4\u6613\u4e2d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ed3\u7b97\u548c\u4fe1\u7528\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5546\u4e1a\u884c\u4e3a<sup><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u4e0d\u7ecf\u8425\u4e1a\u52a1\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7edd\u5bf9\u5546\u4e1a\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e5f\u9700\u9075\u5b88\u5546\u6cd5\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u7279\u522b\u6ce8\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%EF%BC%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%90%A5%E4%B8%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%95%86%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA\"><\/span>\u57fa\u672c\u5546\u4e1a\u884c\u4e3a\uff1a\u65e5\u672c\u5546\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u8425\u4e1a\u6027\u5546\u884c\u4e3a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8425\u4e1a\u6027\u5546\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u6839\u636e\u65e5\u672c\u5546\u6cd5\uff08\u65e5\u672c\u5546\u6cd5\u5178\uff09\u7b2c502\u6761\u5217\u4e3e\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0e\u7edd\u5bf9\u5546\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u201c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8425\u4e1a\u65f6\u201d\u624d\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5546\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8425\u4e1a\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4ee5\u76c8\u5229\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u91cd\u590d\u6301\u7eed\u8fdb\u884c\u540c\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u53ea\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u6b21\u6216\u51fa\u4e8e\u975e\u8425\u5229\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u5546\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c06\u9002\u7528\u65e5\u672c\u6c11\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u65e5\u672c\u5546\u6cd5\u7b2c502\u6761\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u884c\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u51fa\u79df\u52a8\u4ea7\u6216\u4e0d\u52a8\u4ea7\u7684\u6709\u507f\u53d6\u5f97\u6216\u79df\u8d41\uff0c\u6216\u4ee5\u51fa\u79df\u6240\u53d6\u5f97\u6216\u79df\u8d41\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u7b2c1\u53f7\uff09\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\u4e0d\u52a8\u4ea7\u79df\u8d41\u4e1a\u6216\u79df\u8d41\u4e1a\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5236\u9020\u6216\u52a0\u5de5\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u7b2c2\u53f7\uff09\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\u5236\u9020\u59d4\u6258\u6216\u52a0\u5de5\u627f\u5305\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7535\u529b\u6216\u71c3\u6c14\u4f9b\u5e94\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u7b2c3\u53f7\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8fd0\u8f93\u76f8\u5173\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u7b2c4\u53f7\uff09\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\u8fd0\u8f93\u4e1a\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5de5\u7a0b\u6216\u52b3\u52a1\u627f\u5305\uff08\u7b2c5\u53f7\uff09\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\u5efa\u7b51\u4e1a\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u51fa\u7248\u3001\u5370\u5237\u6216\u6444\u5f71\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u7b2c6\u53f7\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4ee5\u987e\u5ba2\u805a\u96c6\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u573a\u6240\u4ea4\u6613\uff08\u7b2c7\u53f7\uff09\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\u9152\u5e97\u6216\u5267\u9662\u4e1a\u52a1\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8d27\u5e01\u5151\u6362\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u94f6\u884c\u4ea4\u6613\uff08\u7b2c8\u53f7\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u5426\u88ab\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u5546\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6839\u636e\u5177\u4f53\u6848\u4f8b\u8fdb\u884c\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ed9\u53f0\u9ad8\u7b49\u6cd5\u9662\uff08Sendai High Court\uff091958\u5e7411\u670826\u65e5\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u8fdb\u884c\u8d37\u6b3e\u7684\u8d37\u6b3e\u4e1a\u8005\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0e\u63a5\u53d7\u5b58\u6b3e\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u8d37\u6b3e\u7684\u5178\u578b\u94f6\u884c\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u65e5\u672c\u5546\u6cd5\u7b2c502\u6761\u7b2c8\u53f7\u6240\u8ff0\u7684\u201c\u94f6\u884c\u4ea4\u6613\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6761\u6587\u4e2d\u5217\u4e3e\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5176\u89e3\u91ca\u4e5f\u9700\u4e25\u683c\u8fdb\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f01\u4e1a\u5f00\u59cb\u524d\u7684\u51c6\u5907\u9636\u6bb5\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5904\u7406\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff08Supreme Court of Japan\uff091958\u5e746\u670819\u65e5\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f00\u59cb\u7279\u5b9a\u8425\u4e1a\u800c\u8fdb\u884c\u51c6\u5907\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5f00\u59cb\u8425\u4e1a\u7684\u610f\u56fe\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u6b64\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u8d44\u683c\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51c6\u5907\u884c\u4e3a\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u5546\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f00\u8bbe\u9910\u5385\u800c\u79df\u8d41\u5e97\u94fa\u6216\u8d2d\u4e70\u53a8\u623f\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u4ea7\u751f\u8425\u4e1a\u6536\u5165\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e0a\u88ab\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u5f00\u4e1a\u51c6\u5907\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c31\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8425\u4e1a\u6027\u5546\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u4f53\u6210\u4e3a\u5546\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u8425\u4e1a\u6027\u5546\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\u7684\u8ba4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u6781\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u67d0\u4e00\u884c\u4e3a\u88ab\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u8425\u4e1a\u6027\u5546\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8be5\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u65e5\u672c\u5546\u6cd5\u4e0a\u201c\u5546\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u5546\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u5c06\u542f\u52a8\u65e5\u672c\u5546\u6cd5\u7b2c503\u6761\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u8be5\u5546\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e1a\u52a1\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u9644\u5e26\u884c\u4e3a\u5c06\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u8f85\u52a9\u6027\u5546\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\uff0c\u88ab\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u5546\u6cd5\u7684\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8425\u4e1a\u6027\u5546\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u8ba4\u5b9a\u662f\u51b3\u5b9a\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u6d3b\u52a8\u662f\u5426\u53d7\u5546\u6cd5\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5206\u6c34\u5cad\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E5%95%86%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E4%B8%8E%E8%90%A5%E4%B8%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%95%86%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83\"><\/span>\u7edd\u5bf9\u5546\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u8425\u4e1a\u6027\u5546\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6574\u7406\u6211\u4eec\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u6240\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u5546\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u8425\u4e1a\u6027\u5546\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u7eb3\u5982\u4e0b\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\u88ab\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u5546\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u7edd\u5bf9\u5546\u884c\u4e3a\u5173\u6ce8\u884c\u4e3a\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\u8005\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u6216\u610f\u56fe\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u6027\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u5373\u8ba4\u5b9a\u5176\u5177\u6709\u5546\u884c\u4e3a\u6027\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8425\u4e1a\u6027\u5546\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8003\u8651\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u52a0\u4e0a\u884c\u4e3a\u8005\u4ee5\u201c\u8425\u4e1a\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u6027\u548c\u91cd\u590d\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u5546\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5dee\u5f02\u4e5f\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u548c\u6b21\u6570\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e0b\u8868\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5dee\u5f02\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure 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